Objective To study the clinical characteristics and related factors of type 2 diabetes with different ankle brachial index (ABI).Methods Two hundred and sixty-two patients with type 2 diabetes in Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District of Beijing outpatient and inpatient from January 2012 to April 2015 were selected.General information,blood biochemical parameters and ABI of patients were tested and collected.The patients were classified into three groups according to the different ABI.A group was ABI＜0.9 with 40 cases,B group was ABI 0.9-1.3 with 191 cases,C group was ABI＞1.3 with 31 cases.The clinical characteristics of three groups were analyzed.Results The age of the patients in group B was younger than that in group A and C((62±15) years old vs.(72±10) years old vs.(71±9) years old,P=0.048).The duration of disease in group B was shorter than that in group A and C((6±6) years vs.(10±2) years vs.(11±3) years,P=0.037).The Blood uric acid of patient in group B were lower than those of patient in group A and C((320±111) μmol/L vs.(350±110) μmol/L vs.(338±109) μmol/L,P=0.039).The glycosylated hemoglobin levels of patient in group Bwere higher than those of patient in group A and C((9.5±1.8)％ vs.(7.2±2.3)％ vs.(8.8±2.0) ％,P=0.041).Compared with group A,the level of UA,HbA1c in group B were more higher(P＜0.05).The incidence rate of diabetic foot was 23％ (9/40) in group A,6％ (11/191) in group B,23％ (7/31) in group C,and the difference was significant(P=0.042).Compared with group A and C,the the incidence rate of diabetic foot in group B was the lower(P＜0.05).Correlation analysis showed that ABI was negatively correlated with age,course of disease,HbA1c(r=-0.65,-0.70,-0.79,-0.61,P＜0.05).Conclusion Different ABI of patients with type 2 diabetes have different clinical features.With increasing age,disease duration,glycosylated hemoglobin and blood uric acid level,it is likely to cause patients with abnormal ABI and increase the probability of occurrence of diabetic foot.

Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in different stages of diabetic nephropathy patients.Methods Ninety-eight cases of diabetics were selected as our subjects in observation group,who were hospitalized in Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District of Beijing from January 2010 to December 2014.They were divided into diabetics group(36 cases,UAER ＜30 mg/24 h),microalbuminuria group(32 cases,UAER was 30-300 mg/24 h),massive proteinuria group (30cases,UAER＞300 mg/24 h).One hundred healthy persons were selected as a normal control group over the same period.The changes of fasting blood glucose,course of disease,blood lipid,serum creatinine and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in all groups were recorded.Results Fasting blood glucose,serum creatinine and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were (8.97±2.3) mmol/L,(76.2±19.5) μmol/L,(28.9±13.6) μg/L in observation group,and (4.7±0.4) mmol/L,(63.1±12.0) μmol/L,(70.1±21.3) μg/L in control group respectively,the difference between the two group was statistically significant (P =0.031,0.046,0.028).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was (52.68±20.91) μg/L in patients of diabetics group,(31.40±15.23) μg/L in microabuminuria group,(15.76±7.81) μg/L in massive proteinuria group,the difference among the three group was statistically significant (P =0.036).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of microabuminuria group and massive proteinuria group were lower than of diabetics group,of massive proteinuria group was lower than of microabuminuria group(P＜0.05).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was negatively correlated with the cause of disease(r=-0.301),fasting blood glucose (r =-0.281) and serum creatinine (r =-0.536) in patients with type 2 diabetes,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with diabetic nephropathy decrease in different degree,which reflects the severity of renal damage.The results indicate that reduction of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy

Long-term potentiation(LTP)is a typical model of synaptic plasticity which has great relationship with learning and memory mechanisms:The induction of LTP depends on the activation of the calcium channels and LTPs generated by calcium ions influx through different channels play different roles in memory.This paper reviews the progress of the research on LTPs induced by activations of N-methyl-D-aspanate receptor(NMDAR)channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels(VDCC).Finally,it gives an example of new forms of low frequency stimulation for induction of LTP.

With the development of brain research, study of neural coding has attracted more attention. Neural coding by informatics entropy is a very important aspect in the research field. This paper presents an overview of typical entropy coding methods of neuronal spike train including binary string method, direct method, asymptotically unbiased estimator method, inter-spike interval and mutual information method. Related principles and application are reviwed.

Objective The ability of working memory (WM) is to temporarily hold and manipulate information for cognitive tasks.The aim of this study was to investigate the causal flow distribution of multi-channel electroencephalographs (EEGs) during Sternberg visual WM task to help understand WM mechanism from the view of neural information transform.Methods Sixteen-channel EEGs were recorded from 8 healthy subjects during Sternberg task,total EEG data for 80 trials were recorded and preprocessed.The EEG powers for each channel were calculated via Fast Fourier transform (FFT).The feature channel was extracted based on the maximum power,and the feature frequency band for WM was determined by time-frequency analysis.The directed transfer function (DTF) and the value of causal flow in EEG feature frequency band were calculated.Results The EEG power focused on θ band (4-8 Hz) and at Fz channel.The maximum value of causal flow was located at Fz,and the first 4 maximum negative values of causal flow were at C3,C4,C5,C6.Conclusions The feature frequency band for WM is the θ band.The causal source (responsible region) is at Fz (frontal region) and the causal sinks are at C3,C4,C5,C6.

Objective This paper aimed to investigate the collaborative coding of two different modes of neural signals including local field potentials and spiking activity (multi-unit activity) which recorded in medial prefrontal cortex of sprague-dawley (SD) rats in Y maze working memory (WM) task,to provide computing support for neural coding mechanism of WM.Methods 1.Experiment data was multi-channel neural signals (local field potentials (LFPs)-Spikes) recorded from prefrontal cortex of 4 SD rats during WM process and resting state,provided by the lab of Neuro-engineering,Tianjin Medical University.2.LFPs preprocessing included baseline drift removing and power-line noise eliminating.3.Physiology window width 500 ms,step 125 ms were selected and average rate per channel was calculated to turn the discrete point signal spikes to continuous signal.4.LFPs characteristic frequency band was obtained by using short time Fourier transform and signals of the characteristic frequency band were extracted by band pass filter.5.Mutual information (MI) of LFPs-spikes was computed to get the distribution of multi-channel MI values.Results 1.LFPs distribution demonstrated that the power focused at θ band (4-12 Hz)during the WM tasks.2.The average MI value of θ band LFPs and spikes (4 rats,over 10 trials) were 0.49±0.04,0.39±0.03,0.41±0.03,0.48±0.02,respectively,which were significantly larger than those in the resting state (t test,P＜0.05).Conclusions These findings indicate that θ band LFPs represents behavior correlated to WM and its synergy with spiking activity plays an important role in encoding WM task.

Objective To analyze the association between type 2 diabetes and lung cancer and study their clinical features.Methods 76 lung cancer patients admitted in Shengjing hospital from June 2006 to June 2008 and their neighbors(or their colleagues)were enrolled to conduct a 1∶1 matched case control study.Results 27.63% of lung cancer patients had type 2 diabetes.Adenocarcinoma was the most common type associated with type 2 diabetes,accounting for 47.62%.There was no statistical significance in ages and gender between cases and their matched control.The symptoms of type 2 diabetes with lung cancers were not typical.Conclusion Type 2 diabetes is significantly correlated with lung cancers.The incidence of type 2 diabetes in lung cancer patients is higher than that in subjects without lung cancers.Early diagnosis and strict blood glucose control are critical for good prognosis.

Objective:To investigate the infiltration of CD45RO+ T cells and CD68+ cells in the lesions of non-neoplastic epithelial disorder and in vulva cancer.Methods:The infiltration of CD45RO+ T cells and CD68+ cells was detected with S-P immunohistochemistry in the lesions of 20 non-neoplastic epithelial disorders,including vulvar squamous cell hyperplasia(SH) and vulvar lichen sclerosus(LS)) and vulvar cancer,respectively.The vulvar skins from 10 healthy individuals were selected as the control.Results:The infiltration of CD45RO+ T cells and CD68+ cells in healthy vulvar skin was very low and significantly lower than that in SH,LS and vulvar cancer(P0.05).The number of both cells were significantly higher than that in SH,poorly vulvar cancer and early stage of LS(P0.05).The infiltration of CD68+ cells was shown in a positive correlation with CD45RO+ T cells in the different lesion of vulva,the correlation coefficient was 0.742(P

Medical image registration plays an important role in the research of medical image processing field. It is widely used in the areas of clinical diagnoses, treatment, quality assurance and evaluation of curative effect. This paper gives an overview on three medical image registration methods Correlation method, mutual information method, and wavelet transform method. Features of these method and their applications are reviewed.

Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on hippocampus metabolic changes in rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods A chronic temporal lobe epilepsy model was established by use of lithium-pilocarpine in rats. The hippocampus metabolism of the rats were detected by 1H-MRS method before and after the rTMS and compared with that of the normal controls. Relative ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamate (Glu) and ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) over creatine (Cr) were calculated. Results Compared with normal control rats, NAA/Cr and GABA/Cr ratios decreased significantly and Cho/Cr ratios increased significantly in hippocampus of the rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. After rTMS NAA/Cr and GABA/Cr ratios increased significantly and Cho/Cr ratios decreased significantly in hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. However, rTMS did not significantly affect the Glu/Cr ratio in hippocampus of the rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Conclusion rTMS could improve the hippocampus metabolism and exert a neuroprotective effect against brain damage induced by epilepsy.