Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of malignant tumor originating from the lymphoid hematopoietic tissues.Its typical pathological feature is the existence of R-S cells in the background of the different types of inflammatory cells.HL represents about 10 ％ of the total lymphoma and has good treatment outcome with 80 ％-90 ％ cure rate.However,there are still about 10 ％ of patients with refractory or relapsed lymphoma,which has become research focus of HL.In recent years,along with the application of molecular biology techniques,radiotherapy,chemotherapy and targeted therapy in treating HL,significant progress has been made in pathogenesis,prognosis and treatment of HL.

Objective To compare the effect between early parenteral nutrition (PN)and enteral nutrition (EN) in postoperative patients with carcinoma of colon and rectum.Methods We selected 60 cases of colon and rectal carcinoma and randomly divided into PN and EN groups,measured some index including weight,diameter of the upper arm,HGB,LYM,ALB,PAB and term of exhausting.Results Weight,diameter of the upper ann,LYM,ALB in EN could catch an relative approximation to the usual; the other index in EN were also better than PN.Conclusion EN is the better way for early nutritional support after surgery of colon and rectal carcinoma.

Apelin is a polypeptide consisting of 77 amino acids. Apelin receptors are found to be the angiotensin-like G protein coupled receptor (APJ). Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system. Apelin-13 is one of the subtypes of Apelin, which has strong biological activity. This study reviewed the new research prog?ress of Apelin-13 on physiological and pathological processes involved in the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, ner?vous system, digestive system and endocrine system.

In recent years,PET-CT plays an important role in Hodgkin' s lymphoma (HL).It has emerged as the most accurate tool for staging,treatment monitoring,and response evaluation in HL.PET-CT has high sensitivity and specificity.It provides an opportunity to monitor the quality of response during treatment,permits separation of node from involved regions,and adds prognostic information.PET-CT has become integral to modern lymphoma management,but as a relatively new imaging technique it is still being studied and neither its full potential nor major limitations have been fully understood.The recent observations from clinical trials and clinical experiences with PET-CT in the 54th ASH annual meeting are discussed to explore its advantages and limitations.

Objective To evaluate the effect of PKC? antisense oligonucleotide (ASODN) administered intrathecally on the hyperalgesia induced by chronic constructive injury (CCI) and to investigate the underlying mechanism.Methods Twenty four female SD rats weighing 150-180 g were used. CCI was produced by 4 loose ligatures placed on the right sciatic nerve. A catheter was inserted into subarachnoid space at L3-4 for intrathecal drug or normal saline(NS) administration. Three days after intrathecal catheter implantation when the function of the animal's lower limbs recovered, NS or drug was injected through the catheter every day for 6 days. Then the animals were decapitated and the lumbar segment (L2-6 ) of the spinal cord was removed. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 animals : Ⅰ CCI + NS (group C); Ⅱ CCI + PKC? sense oligonucleotide (SOON) 20 ?g (group S); Ⅲ CCI + ASODN 5 ?g (group A1) and Ⅳ CCI + ASODN 20 ?g(group A2). The mechanical withdrawal threshold was assessed by Von Frey hair stimulation. The expression of PKC? and PKCa protein in the spinal cord was determined using Western blot. Results The threshold to Von Frey hair stimulation was significantly reduced after sciatic nerve ligation. Intrathecal ASODN administration significantly reduced the hyperalgesia induced by CCI in group A1 and A2 in a dose-dependent manner as compared with group C. The expression of PKCy protein in lumbar spinal cord was significantly lower in group A1 and A2 than in group C. There was no significant difference in PKCa protein expression among the four groups. Conclusion The hyperalgesia induced by CCI can be decreased by intrathecal administration of PKCy antisense oligonucleotide. The reduction in expression of PKCy protein may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To investigate the effect of PKC? antisense oligonucleotides injected intrathecally on the hyperalgesia and expression of PKC? protein in rats with chronic morphine tolerance. Methods Twenty-four female SD rats weighing 150-180 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 6 each): group Ⅰ control; group Ⅱ morphine (M); group Ⅲ sense oligonucleotides (S) and group Ⅳ antisense oligonucleotide (A) . An intrathecal catheter was placed in the lumbar subarachnoid space to allow for bolus injections. Chronic morphine tolerance was induced by intrathecal morphine 20 ?g twice a day (at 8:00 and 16:00) for 5 consecutive days. Intrathecal morphine (20 ?g twice a day) was continued in group M, S, and A and normal saline 20 ?l (in group M) or sense oligonucleotide 20 ?g (in group S) or antisense oligonucleotide 20 ?g (in group A) was given intrathecally between the two morphine doses (at 12: 00) for 6 consecutive days. Pain threshold was assessed by measuring the withdrawal response of the hindpaw to radiant heat with a thermal plantar testing apparatus 2 days before intrathecal catheter was placed and on the 2nd, 4th and 6th day after morphine tolerance was induced. The animals were killed on the 6th day of intrathecal NS/oligonucleotide administration after pain threshold was measured. The L2-6 segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of PKC? mRNA (RT-PCR) and PKC? protein (Western blot) .Results The establishment of morphine tolerance was confirmed by significant shortening of response latency to radiant heat. The thermal withdrawal latency was significantly prolonged in group S and A after intrathecal administration of sense or antisense oligonucleotide as compared with group M but was significantly shorter in group S than in group A. The expression of PKC? protein in spinal dorsal horn was significantly decreased in group S and A as compared to group M, but was significant lower in group A than in group S. The PKC? mRNA expression was significantly lower in group A than in group M but there was no difference in PKC? mRNA expression between group S and M. Conclusion The hyperalgesia induced by chronic morphine tolerance can be reversed by intrathecal PKC? antisense oligonucleotide through reduction of PKC? protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn.

With the increasing number of complex and difficult thyroid cancer patients, the traditional medical model is difficult to solve the problem of diagnosis and treatment of patients optimally. In recent years, multidisciplinary team (MDT) model is applied clinically. For complex and difficult thyroid cancer diseases, the model can play a multidisciplinary advantage and provide more personalized and accurate diagnosis and treatment scheme for patients. The diagnosis and treatment of complex and difficult thyroid cancer involve thyroid surgery, otolaryngology, thoracic surgery, anesthesiology, endocrinology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, oncology, ultrasound, imaging, pathology and other disciplines. Based on the important role of MDT in diagnosis, treatment, nursing, postoperative management and clinical research of thyroid cancer, as well as the challenges and difficulties faced in implementation of MDT, the status and progress of multi-disciplinary comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer will be systematically elaborated in the paper.

To compare posterior choroidal thickness in high myopia amblyopia eyes at different points to high myopia and normal eyes of Chinese children and investigate the relationships between choroidal thickness, axial length and age.METHODS: Fifty Chinese children (65 eyes) with age 4~15 years ( mean 9. 91 ± 3. 41 years) were recruited. By atropine optometry they were divided into high myopia amblyopia group ( 24 eyes ) , high myopia group ( 19 eyes ) , and normal group ( 22 eyes ) . Choroidal scans were obtained for all eyes using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography ( EDl-OCT) . Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), macular thinkness, choroidal thickness and retinal thickness at 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0mm superior (S, 12:00 position), temporal ( T, 9:00 position) , inferior ( l, 6:00 position) , nasal ( N, 3:00 position) were measured. Meanwhile, axial lengths of all eyes were measured by A-Scan. RESULTS: Compared high myopia group and emmetropia group, SFCT and the thickness of choroids on each position were thinnest in high myopic amblyopia group, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 05). There was a significant negative correlation between SFCT and axial length in high myopic amblyopia group (r=-0. 531, R2 =0. 282, F=7. 476, P=0. 013), with no relative in age (r=-0. 292, R2=0. 085, F=2. 044, P=0. 167).CONCLUSlON: The choroidal thickness thinning in high myopic amblyopia shows a negative correlation with axial length.

·AlM:To investigate the retinal thickness change of high myopia amblyopic children, so as to discuss the relationships between the retinal thickness of central fovea of macula and the factors of axis oculi and age. · METHODS:Thirty-nine children ( 65 eyes ) with the average age of ( 9.91 3.41 ) years were recruited.All eyes were ruled out the pathological changes of fundus diseases and front section. After a tropine optometry, they were divided into three groups: high myopia amblyopic group ( 24 eyes ) , high myopia group ( 19 eyes) and normal group ( 22 eyes ) .Retinal scans were obtained for all eyes using Heidelberg optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . Subfoveal macular thickness, retinal thickness at 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm, 3.0mm superior ( S, 12∶00 position), temporal (T, 9∶00 position), inferior (l, 6∶00 position) and nasal (N, 3∶00 position) from the fovea were measured and axial length was also surveyed by A -ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate retinal thickness at each location and to correlate subfoveal macular thickness with axial length and age.
·RESULTS:The average subfoveal macular thinkness of the high myopia amblyopic group was thinner than high myopia group but thicker than normal group.There was no statistical difference between three groups (P>0.05). Retinal thickness inferior to the fovea at 0.5mm temporal and superior to the fovea in the high myopia amblyopic group at 1.0mm temporal were both thinner than normal group which had statistically significant ( P <0.05 ). Retinal thickness on nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior at 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm, 3.0mm from the fovea were measured, high myopia amblyopic group were the thinnest in the three groups, and there was statistically significant between three groups ( P<0.05). There was no correlation between the average subfoveal macular thickness and axial length, age in high myopia amblyopic group.
· CONCLUSlON:There are significant abnormalities of macula retinal structure in high myopia amblyopic children.

AIM: To research the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness change in high myopia amblyopic children and to discuss the relationships among RNFL thickness, axial length and age.
METHODS:Thirty-five Chinese children (59 eyes) with a mean age of ( 9. 59 ±2. 90 ) years were recruited. All eyes were ruled out the pathological changes of fundus diseases and front section. By atropine optometry after they were divided into: high myopia amblyopia group (22 eyes), high myopia group (15 eyes), normal group (22 eyes) . RNFL scans were obtained for all eyes using optical coherence tomography and axial length was also surveyed by A - ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate RNFL thickness at each location with axial length and age.
RESULTS:The peripapillary RNFL thickness in temporal of high myopia amblyopia group was thinner than that in
high myopia group, and thicker than that in normal group. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were thinner than those in high myopia and normal gruops. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in inferior and average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were significantly thinner than those of high myopia (P<0. 05). The peripapillary RNFL thickness in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were significantly thinner than those of normal (P<0. 01). The peripapillary RNFL thickness in temporal of high myopia group was significantly thicker, and in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness were significantly thinner than those of normal (P<0. 05). The thickness of peripapillary RNFL in inferior showed a negative correlation with axial length in high myopia amblyopia group (R=0. 474, R2=0. 225, F=4. 933, P=0. 040). The thickness of peripapillary RNFL in superior showed a negative correlation with axial length in high myopia group (R=0. 642, R2=0. 412, F=9. 104,P=0. 010). These were no correlation between the peripapillary RNFL thickness and age in high myopia amblyopia, myopia amblyopia and normal.
CONCLUSION:There are significant abnormalities of retinal structure in high myopia amblyopia.