Objective: To assess the effects of caffeic acid (CA) on MPP + induced cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) apoptosis. Methods: CGNs were pretreated with caffeic acid at 55, 110 and 220 ?mol/L for 6 h, then treated with 100 ?mol/L MPP + for 24 h (concentration effect relationship). In addition CGNs were pretreated with caffeic acid at 110 ?mol/L for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h, respectively, then treated with 100 ?mol/L MPP + for 24 h (time response relationship). Besides, after treatment with MPP + for 24 h, CGNs were incubated with caffeic acid at 55, 110 and 220 ?mol/L,respectively. Cell viability was determined by 3 (4,5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and caspase 3 activity was assayed by caspase 3 fluorometric assay kit. Results: MTT assay revealed that caffeic acid significantly inhibited cell viability decrease induced by MPP +, and caspase 3 fluorometric assay showed that caffeic acid efficiently suppressed caspase 3 activation in CGNs induced by MPP +. Conclusion: Caffeic acid (CA) can significantly protect CGNs from apoptosis induced by MPP + and may provide a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Tumor markers (TMs) in blood are important tools for the diagnosis, prognosis prediction and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of malignant tumor. Measurement of TMs in pleural and peritoneal fluid has been widely used. However, the significance of common TMs associated with systemic solid tumors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been overlooked to some extent. TMs in CSF are within extremely low limits in patients without intracranial malignant diseases. Slightly elevated TMs in CSF usually indicate abnormal intrathecal synthesis. Measurement of TMs in CSF is a useful and feasible ancillary diagnostic tool for intracranial metastasis, especially for leptomeningeal metastasis.

Objective To analyze the correlative factors and cause of death within short-term in initially lucid patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).Methods 441 patients with spontaneous ICH admitted within 24 hours of onset and with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score more than 9 on admission were enrolled. The demographic characteristics, clinical features at onset, CT, electrocardiograph (ECG) and laboratory findings, medical complications and 27 days outcome were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed.Results 24 (5.4%) patients died winthin 27 days after onset, 14 (58.3%) died of brain herniation and central respiratory failure, another 10 (41.7%) of systemic complications. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age was 75 years old or more, urinary incontinence at onset, peripheral white blood cell count more than 10.0?10 9/L on admission, blood glucose more than 7.0 mmol/L and abnormal ECG were independent correlative factors of death.Conclusions The short-term outcome of initially lucid patients with ICH is favorable in general, albeit with a relatively low mortality. Brain herniation and central respiratory failure were main cause of death, and they have independent correlative risk factors.

Objective To study the length of hypertension history and its related factors in patients with both ischemic cerebral vascular disease(ICVD) and hypertension.Methods The profile of hypertension history in ICVD patients from our hospital between 1990 and 1999 was summarized.Hypertension history meant the time interval between onset of first symptomatic ICVD and establishment of diagnosis of hypertension.The related factors' influence on the length of hypertension history was analyzed by means of multiple linear regression model.Results In ICVD patients with hypertension,the mean length of hypertension history was 14.29?10.63 years,the median was 11 years.In multiple linear regression model,increased age when hypertension was diagnosed,diabetes mellitus,smoking,peasant(army man as control group) were independent factors that shortened hypertension history.Antihypertensive treatment independently lengthened hypertension history.Conclusion The length of hypertension history varies greatly,50% of patients developed the first ICVD in 11 years after the diagnosis of hypertension was established .Coexisting smoking and diabetes mellitus hasten while control of arterial blood pressure postpone onset of ICVD in patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND:Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are always supplied exogenous dopamine so as to balance a disproportion of neurotransmitter.However,a long-term administration may easily cause drug resistance;therefore,it is not able to solve nerve injuries at all.A lot of researches suggest that ganglioside can promote neural axon growth,improve neurotrophy,and resist cellular toxicity mediated by glutamic acid (GA).OBJECTIVE:To probe into the duration and effect of oraL administration of ganglioside on improving clinical symptoms of PD patients.DESIGN:Retrospective case analysis.SETTING:Department of Internal Medicine.Shanghai Electric Power Hospital;Departments of Neurosurgery and Internal Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College.PARTICIPANTS:A total of 6 344 PD patients were selected from Heilongjiang,Hebei,Shandong,Henan, Beijing,Jiangsu,Gansu,Qinghai.Guizhou,Fujian,Hunan,Shanxi, Hubei,Sichuan,Chongqing,Jiangxi, Shanghai and Yunnan from January 2001 to January 2005.All patients met the diagnostic and typing criteria of PD in Practical Neurology.They orally took≥10 mg/d ganglioside for more than 1 month,and all of them were provided the consent.METHODS:Patients who were treated with oral ganglioside accepted neural functional rehabilitation. Every oral solution of ganglioside contained 0.25 g/L ganglioside [including monosialoteterahexosyl ganglioside 1 (21%),diplo-sialoteterahexosyl ganglioside 1a(40%),diplo-sialoteterahexosyl ganglioside 1 b(16%),and tri-sialoteterahexosyl ganglioside 1b(19%)],and patients fastingly took two ampoules in every morning and 2 in every evening before sleeping, or took 4 ampoules in every evening before sleeping. Every 3 months was regarded as a course, and patients were always treated for two or three courses;especially,patients having a long-term duration were treated for above 4 courses.Regular follow-up was performed during the administration to observe the improvements of PD patients on the aspects of chatter, myotone, bradypraxia,posture irregularity, etc. Effective evaluation: Iilness improvements of PD patients who orally took ganglioside were observed within 3,6,9 months and 1 year.Excellent effective: Chatter and myotone disappeared after gradually stopping administration of dopamine preparation;improvement: Symptoms mentioned above were relieved after gradually reducing administration of dopamine preparation (effect=apparent effect+improvement);inefficacy:Symptoms mentioned above were not changed.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Effect at various time Points of administration.RESULTS:Among 5 937 patients who met the inclusion criteria,all of them were involved in the final analysis without any loss.① Improvement of clinical symptoms at various time points of administration:There were 669 PD patients with the effective improvements within 1-3 months.941 within 4-6 months and 1713 within 7-12 months.The total effective rate was 56%.② Therapeutic effective rate of PD patients at various administrating times:The therapeutic effective rates of patients who received administration from 1 to 3 months,from 4 to 6 months and from 7 to 12 months were 30%,57%and 84%respectively.The rate was higher of patients administrated from 4 to 6 months than.of those from 1 co 3 months(P<0.05),and also higher of those from 7 to 12 months than of those from 4 tp 6 months and from 1 to 3 months (P<0.05,P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Ganglioside can effectively improve clinical symptoms,such as chatter,myotone,bradypraxia,posture irregularity,etc.In addition,it has a better effect during a long-term administration.

Objective To explore neglect dyslexia in unilateral spatial neglect patients,the error type and whether there exists word length and semantic effect.Methods Ten left spatial neglect patients were investigated by Chinese characters reading material.Results Unilateral spatial patients showed neglect dyslexia (202 neglect errors,94.0％ of the total 215 errors) when reading.The most common errors were omissions (148 errors,73.3％ of the total 202 neglect errors),followed by substitutions and additions.The error rate of two words was 9.9％ ± 8.4％,while the rate of three words was 18.8％ ± 16.2％.Performance was worse with the increase of word length (T =-55,P ＜ 0.05).The error rate of words was 8.3％ ± 7.5％,while the rate of non-words was 18.9％ ± 16.6％,and the rate of non-words was worse than that of words (T =-55,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Our study has shown that omissions are the most common error type of neglect dyslexia in Chinese unilateral spatial neglect patients,and the impairment include word length effect.The patients with unilateral spatial neglect show preserved semantic processing in the neglect side.

Behcet's Disease is a chronic systemic disorder characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcerations, ocular inflammation, having manifestations related to skin and joints. Neurologic signs can also be observed seldomly during the course of the disease. In this report a case of Behcet's disease with neurological involvement was presented.

Objective To investigate the value of combination of B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation in prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases. Methods Volume images of 50 normal fetuses and 14 fetuses with congenital heart diseases were recruited in the study. Surface mode was used to reconstruct the volume images. Results Sixty-three and twenty-six qualified volume images were obtained in 50 normal fetuses and 14 fetuses with congenital heart diseases respectively. All volume images were reconstructed successfully and showed the spacial relationship of cardiac blood vessel directly. Conclusions The combination of B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation was feasible and useful in prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases.

Objective To describe the changes of thrombosed venous sinus on MRI after administration of contrast material and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of thread-like enhancement around sinus to diagnose thrombosis in the corresponding sinus.Methods Patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) admitted to our department from January 2005 to December 2014 and undergone a MRI scan with administration of contrast material were included in this study.The enhancement features of venous sinus were studied in the plane parallel to the interested sinus.The features of enhancement were classified as peripheral thread-like enhancement, partial enhancement and complete enhancement.The proportion of these three type of enhancement in thrombosed sinuses and normal sinuses were described and compared.The sensitivity and specificity of peripheral thread-like enhancement to diagnose thrombosis in corresponding sinus were calculated.The proportion of each type of enhancement was also described and compared in acute (≤ 7 d), subacute (8-30 d) and chronic (≥ 31 d) stage after onset of symptoms.Results Peripheral thread-like enhancement, partial enhancement and complete enhancement were all found in both thrombosed and normal sinuses.There was a significant difference of enhancement features between normal and thrombosed sinus in superior sagittal sinus (100％ (30/30) vs 60％ (27/45), x2 =13.789, P =0.001), left trans verse sinus, and right sigrnoid sinus.The sensitivity and specificity of peripheral thread-like enhancement to diagnose thrombosis in the corresponding sinus were 10.5％-44.4％ and 53.3％-76.7％ respectively.There was no significant difference of contrast features at different stage after onset.Conclusion The value of peripheral thread-like enhancement to diagnose CVST is limited because of low sensitivity and specificity.

Objective To evaluate the direction effect of drug sensitivity test of bladder cancer and the individual choice of chemotherapy. Methods MTT was used to determine chemotherapy and all 34 patients were followed up for 6-43 months. 48 cases were based on the experience of doctors control. Results The sensitive cases were ADM19, THP16, MMC20, OPT30. The sensitive rate was epi-ADM 59.4 %, THP 47.6 %, MMC 41.2 %, OPT 88.2 %. The recurrence rate was 8.82 % in drug sensitivity group, 31.2 % in control group, the result of experiment group was perfect to the control.group. Conclusion The difference of the individual chemotherapy sensitivity is significant. The drug sensitivity test can improve the therapeutic effect of bladder cancer.