Rapid prototyping (RP) technology can be used to translate the CAD model of the product into the physical one, thus the rationalization of the design project and product structure is identified. This paper introduces the basic principle of RP technology and typical prototyping system. The application of RP technology to the development of first-aid kit is also mentioned. RP technology proves effective to reduce the cost and time of the development of medical equipment.

Objective To find out evidence for the identification of the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. and F. altissima Bl.. Methods The fresh aerial roots of the two kinds of plants were collected. The appearance traits were observed by stereoscopy. The velamen surface, cross section of root tip, cross section of the posterior root and powder of two kinds of aerial roots were observed under microscope. Results The number of aerial roots of F. microcarpa Linn. f. was more than that of F. altissima Bl., while the diameter was less than that of F. altissima Bl.. Differences were shown in primary xylems of the transverse section of root tip and posterior root of the two kinds of aerial roots, there were 5-7 vascular bundles in F. microcarpa Linn. f. and 7-10 vascular bundles in F. altissima Bl.. As for the powder, the powder of F. microcarpa Linn. f. was yellowish brown, while that of F. altissima Bl. was reddish brown; F. altissima Bl. had more fibers and longer diameter than F. microcarpa Linn. f. and had cluster crystals in order. Conclusion The appearance and microstructure features showed by the results can be used to distinguish the aerial roots of F. microcarpa Linn. f. and F. altissima Bl..

BACKGROUND:How to improve the stability of artificial cornea in the host and reduce the complications is the current key issues to be solved.Therefore,looking for an ideal biocompatible scaffold material is still the focus of the study.OBJECTIVE:To explore the biocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) porous composite hydrogel and pure PVA hydrogel as artificial corneal materials.METHODS:Inverted microscope was used to observe cell growth of rabbit corneal stromal fibroblasts when cultured with nHA/PVA composite hydrogel extract or PVA extract for 48 hours.MTT method was used to detect the relative proliferation rate of rabbit corneal stromal fibroblasts cultured with nHA/PVA composite hydrogel extract or PVA extract.Systemic toxicity,allergies,pyrogen reaction and deaths were observed in New Zealand white rabbits at 48 hours after artificial corneal implantation.ELISA and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to detect changes in serum inflammatory factors at 4 weeks after artificial corneal implantation.Slit-lamp examination was performed to observe corneal or conjunctival hyperemia/edema and corneal neovascularization at 1-4 weeks after corneal implantation.Corneal neovascularization time and neovascularization area were detected after the two materials were implanted.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The cells were sparse and grew slowly at 48 hours after culture in nHA/PVA composite hydrogel or PVA extract as compared with the blank control group.The cell growth in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group was better than that in the PVA group.The relative cell proliferation rate was significantly decreased at different time after culture in nHA/PVA composite hydrogel or PVA extract compared with the blank control group (P ＜ 0.05),and the relative cell proliferation rate in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group was significantly higher than that in the PVA group (P ＜ 0.05).There were two rabbits appearing to have allergic reaction,but no one presenting with pyrogen reaction and death in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group;and there were two rabbits appearing to have allergic reaction,and two appearing to have pyrogen reaction,but no death in the PVA group at 48 hours after implantation.The inflammatory factor levels were increased significantly in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group and PVA group compared with the control group (P ＜ 0.05),and inflammatory infiltration was milder in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group than the PVA group at 4 weeks after implantation (P ＜ 0.05).Corneal neovascularization appeared later in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group than the PVA group,and the neovascularization area was also smaller in the nHA/PVA composite hydrogel group than the PVA group (P ＜ 0.05).Taken together,the biocompatibility of nHA/PVA composite hydrogel is superior to that of pure PVA when they are used as artificial cornea materials,which provides a scientific basis for artificial cornea material innovation and extensive clinical application.

Objective To analyze the complication rates in 210 patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided 24-core transperineal prostate biopsy.Methods Clinical data of 210 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided 24-core transperineal prostate biopsy from 2010 to 2012 were collected.A retrospective analysis of complications after prostate biopsy was conducted.Results The main postoperative complications were hematuria,bloody stool,dysuria,urinary retention,fever (＞38℃),urinary infection,vasovagal syncope,and their complication rates were 43.3 ％ (91/210),10.9％ (23/210),23.3％ (49/210),25.2％ (53/210),14.8％ (31/210),21.9％ (46/210),0.48％ (1/210) respectively.In addition,5 patients (2.5％) were hospitalized due to biopsy related complications.Conclusions Transrectal ultrasound guided 24-core transperineal prostate biopsy is an relatively safe and effective puncture method with common minor complications and less severe complications.Adequate attentions should be paid to its complications.

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a reformed endoscope assisted ureteral stripping technique in post renal transplant patients with renal pelvic tumor of the graft homonymy primitive kidney.Methods Seven post renal transplant patients with renal pelvic tumor of the graft homonymy primitive kidneys(2 males and 5 females)with average age of 54 years old were recruited.Standard retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomies were performed for all patients after placement of a 5 F ureteral stent as the ureteral stripper. After the closure of the ureter at the lower kidney pole level with metal clips, the distal ureter was separated and the ureteral muscle layer and serous membrane layer were split. The ureter muscle layer was then tied tightly to the ureteral stent tip. The ureter and the stent were pulled out through urethra. Transurethral resection around the everted ureteral orifice was performed and the ureter was removed afterwards. The graft function, operation time,complication and estimated blood loss were recorded.Results All the 7 patients successfully underwent the operations and no major complication such as ureteral disruption, stripping embarrassment and converting to open operation happened. The mean operation time was 126 min (ranging from 105 to 160 min) and the mean blood loss was 124 ml (ranging from 80 to 160 ml). Introvesical chemotherapy with farmorubine hydrochloride was performed 3 weeks after surgery. The mean preoperation and 6 months post-operation creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were 136.5μmol/L, 138. 6μmol/L and 7.42 mmol/L, 7.80 mmol/L respectively and there was no statistical difference. There was no tumor recurrence during 6 month follow-up except one case having simultaneous bladder cancer had bladder cancer relapse 3 months after operation and required another TURBt.Conclusion The reformed endoscope assisted ureteral stripping technique is minimally invasive and convenient in the treatment of post renal transplant patients with renal pelvic tumor of the graft homonymy primitive kidney.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a kind of technique that uses fluoreseently la-beled DNA probes to assess cells for genetic alterations. UroVysion is a technique that uses FISH to detect bladder cancer in the voided urine by four fluorescently labeled DNA probes to the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 3 ( CEP3 ) ,7 (CEPT), and 17 (CEP17) and to the 9p21 locus ( LSI 9p21 ) location of the p16 tumor suppressor gene. It is reported that sensitivity of FISH was higher than cytology for the detection of all stages and grades of bladder cancer. FDA has approved UroVysion for the detection of recurrent bladder cancer in voided urine specimens from patients with a history of bladder cancer in the year 2001 and from pa-tients with gross or microscopic hematuria but no previous history of bladder cancer in the year 2005. Fur-thermore, UroVysion can benefit the assessment of bladder cancer patients receiving BCG treatment.

Objective To evaluate the effect of surgical treatment on patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Methods The medical records of 24 retroperitoneal fibrosis patients (19 men and 5 women;mean age,52 years) who had been surgically treated from January 1985 to December 2003 were retrospectively analyzed.The initial clinical presentations included low back and abdominal pain in 11 cases,acute anuresis in 5 and incidental bilateral hydronephrosis in 8.Double-J inter-ureter drainage was performed in 11 cases, among whom the procedure failed in 4 cases, and then they underwent pricking pyelostomy.After their general condition improved,ureterocutaneostomy and ureterolysis were performed in 2 cases and 1 case, respectively.Of them 1 case died of acute myocardial infarction 3 months later.Thirteen cases who had good general condition at diagnosis underwent ureterolysis. Results One patient developed renal function failure due to repeated urinary infection 3 years after operation.One died of acute myocardial infarction 3 months after operation.The other 22 patients recovered well,and their mean creatinine level decreased from 450.9?mol/L before operation to 318.2 ?mol/L (1 month) and 265.2 ?mol/L (3 months),respectively,after operation. Conclusions Prompt and appropriate relief of urinary obstruction with surgical treatment can effectively protect the renal function in patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinicopathological features of ossifying fibroma (OF) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) , and to evaluate the role of immunohistochemistry in differential diagnosis. METHODS Clinical presentation and morphological study of 40 cases with OF and 26 cases with FD were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry stains for PCNA, Ki-67, Laminin and CK 19 were performed in specimens of 10 cases with FD and 26 cases with OF. RESULTS The average age of OF was 22.2 years and the ratio of male and female was 2.33:1. The average age of FD was 17.2 years and the ratio of male and female is about1:1. The average age of the multibone type of FD was 11.2 years and the ratio of male and female is 1:2. Most of OF occurred in ethmoid sinus (75 %) and 70 % of the patients presented snuffle and hyposmia, while FD inclineed to arise from sphenoid (58 %) and 80.8 %of patients showed eyesight dropping and exophthalmos. The immunohistochemistry stains PCNA was positive in 19 cases (73.1 %) of OF and negative in 10 cases of FD. Ki-67, laminin, CK19 were of little significance. CONCLUSION The gender, age distribution, clinical and pathological features of OF and FD are different from each other. Immunohistochemistry staining for PCNA is of great value in their differential diagnosis.