With the improvements in the technology, ultrasonography of the thyroid has been applied to characterize the appearance and distinct featuresof thyroid nodules. In this review, we discuss the sonographic findings of thyroid nodules and we confirm that sonography has a definite role for diagnosing and evaluating thyroid nodules.
Diagnosis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to determine the risk of malignancy of thyroid nodules with minimal cystic changes. METHODS: A total of consecutive 1,000 thyroid nodules (≥1 cm) with final diagnoses from twoinstitutions were included in this study. The risk of malignancy of thyroid nodules was analyzed according to the internal content, which was categorized as purely solid, minimally cystic (cystic changes ≤10%), and partially cystic (cystic changes >10%). We also assessed the risk of malignancy of nodules with minimal cystic changes depending on echogenicity and presence of any suspicious ultrasonografic (US) features. RESULTS: The overall frequency of purely solid, minimally cystic, and partially cystic noduleswas 730/1,000 (73%), 61/1,000 (6.1%), and 209/1,000 (20.9%), respectively, with risks ofmalignancy of 14.8% (108/730), 3.3% (2/61), and 3.3% (7/209), respectively. The risk ofmalignancy of nodules with minimal cystic changes was significantly lower than that of purelysolid nodules (P=0.013). The risk of malignancy of nodules with minimal cystic changes was also lower than that of purely solid nodules in the group of hypoechoic nodules (P=0.063) and in the group of nodules with suspicious US features (P=0.028), but was not significantly different from that of partially cystic nodules regardless of echogenicity or the presence of suspicious US features (P≥0.652). CONCLUSION: Thyroid nodules with minimal cystic changes have a low risk of malignancy, similar to that of partially cystic nodules regardless of echogenicity or the presence of suspicious US features. The US lexicon could define solid nodules as nodules with purely solid internal content in order to enhance the accuracy of estimated risks of malignancy.
Diagnosis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography

Ultrasonograhy, it's excellent ability of differentiating cystic from solid lesion and depicting detailedarchitecture, proved itself useful in the diagnosis of thyroid pathologies. Adanced high resolution equipmentsmade hidden small lesion detected and finer structure clearly seen. They seemed to throw light on the histologicaldiagnosis of thyroid diseases, especially differentiation of benignancy and malignancy. Author reviewed picturesof high-resolution ultrasonography of thyroid disease(24 ases0 and correlated them witn proven pathologicalfindings. The results were as follows: 1. Multiplicity of lesion favors benignancy(4 cases). 2. Well definedmargin favors benignancy(14/17), while ill defined margin favors malignancy(3/4), and lesion of no margin favorsthyroiditis(3/3). 3. Surrounding halo favors benignancy(7 cases). 4. Hypoechogenicity were found in most ofmalignancy and thyroiditis. Cystic components in solid nodule were common findings in bening and malignantlesions. Calcification was not found in malignancy.
Diagnosis ; Pathology ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Nodule ; Thyroiditis ; Ultrasonography

Minimally invasive image-guided thermal ablation is becoming increasingly common as an alternative to surgery for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. Among the various techniques for thermal ablation, laser ablation (LA) is the least invasive, using the smallest applicators available on the market and enabling extremely precise energy deposition. However, in some cases, multiple laser fibers must be used simultaneously for the treatment of large nodules. In this review, the LA technique is described, and its main clinical applications and results are discussed and illustrated.
Laser Therapy* ; Thyroid Diseases* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule ; Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is pivotal in triage thyroid biopsy in the era after the identification of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). This pictorial essay illustrates the pathologic basis of the sonographic features that distinguish NIFTP from thyroid cancers. In this study, we present the correlations of ultrasonography to ×1 histopathology to assess shape and margin characteristics. Markedly hypoechoic nodules correlate to microfollicular/solid nodules, while isoechoic/hyperechoic thyroid nodules correlate to normofollicular/macrofollicular nodules. The ultrasound findings of NIFTP and minimally invasive encapsulated thyroid cancers are similar. Both are well-circumscribed, oval-to-round nodules with regular margins. Blurred or microlobulated margins indicate infiltrating tumors, while lobulated margins are characteristic of expansile tumors. Overtly invasive encapsulated tumors are characterized by oval-to-round nodules with irregular or lobulated margins. The ultrasound findings for infiltrative thyroid cancers show at least one of the following malignant features: marked hypoechoicity, taller-than-wide shape, microcalcifications, and blurred or microlobulated margins.
Biopsy ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Thyroid Nodule ; Triage ; Ultrasonography*

Ultrasonography (US) is routinely used to evaluate thyroid nodules. The US features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid malignancy, include hypoechogenicity, spiculated/microlobulated margins, microcalcifications, and a nonparallel orientation. However, many PTC variants have been identified, some of which differ from the classic type of PTC in terms of biological behavior and clinical outcomes. This review describes the US features and clinical implications of the variants of PTC. With the introduction of active surveillance replacing immediate biopsy or surgical treatment of indolent, small PTCs, an understanding of the US characteristics of PTC variants will facilitate the individualized management of patients with PTC.
Biopsy ; Humans ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Thyroid Nodule ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To analyze the synthetically created sonographic features of thyroid nodules, we present here a new scoring system for the sonographic features that are suggestive of malignant thyroid nodules. We also evaluated the accuracy and clinical significance of this system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we included 725 thyroid nodules of 405 patients that were pathologically proven by USG-guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or surgery. Two radiologists analyzed the sonographic features according to the internal content, margin, echogenecity, shape and calcification. We scored from 0 point to 2 point for each feature, and then we calculated the total scores and classified them as three groups according to the total score such as low risk (0-3), intermediate risk (4-6) or high risk (7-10). We demonstrated the difference of the frequency and the positive predictive value among the three groups by using the Chi-square test (p<0.005). RESULTS: For 725 nodules, 654 (90.2%) were benign and 71 (9.8%) were malignant. For 589 nodules classified as low risk, 10 (1.7%) were malignant. For 102 nodules classified as intermediate risk, 32 (31.4%) were malignant. For 34 nodules classified as high risk, 29 (85.8%) were malignant. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency and positive predictive value of malignancy among the three groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency and positive predictive value of malignancy among the three groups for the new scoring system presented in this study to analyze the synthetically sonographic features of thyroid nodules. So, we think that sonography can be helpful for making the differentiation between benign and malignant nodules. When we find thyroid nodules on sonography, we can reduce the unnecessary FNAB and we can diagnose malignant nodules at an earlier stage.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Humans ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*