With the improvements in the technology, ultrasonography of the thyroid has been applied to characterize the appearance and distinct featuresof thyroid nodules. In this review, we discuss the sonographic findings of thyroid nodules and we confirm that sonography has a definite role for diagnosing and evaluating thyroid nodules.
Diagnosis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography*

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to determine the risk of malignancy of thyroid nodules with minimal cystic changes. METHODS: A total of consecutive 1,000 thyroid nodules (≥1 cm) with final diagnoses from twoinstitutions were included in this study. The risk of malignancy of thyroid nodules was analyzed according to the internal content, which was categorized as purely solid, minimally cystic (cystic changes ≤10%), and partially cystic (cystic changes >10%). We also assessed the risk of malignancy of nodules with minimal cystic changes depending on echogenicity and presence of any suspicious ultrasonografic (US) features. RESULTS: The overall frequency of purely solid, minimally cystic, and partially cystic noduleswas 730/1,000 (73%), 61/1,000 (6.1%), and 209/1,000 (20.9%), respectively, with risks ofmalignancy of 14.8% (108/730), 3.3% (2/61), and 3.3% (7/209), respectively. The risk ofmalignancy of nodules with minimal cystic changes was significantly lower than that of purelysolid nodules (P=0.013). The risk of malignancy of nodules with minimal cystic changes was also lower than that of purely solid nodules in the group of hypoechoic nodules (P=0.063) and in the group of nodules with suspicious US features (P=0.028), but was not significantly different from that of partially cystic nodules regardless of echogenicity or the presence of suspicious US features (P≥0.652). CONCLUSION: Thyroid nodules with minimal cystic changes have a low risk of malignancy, similar to that of partially cystic nodules regardless of echogenicity or the presence of suspicious US features. The US lexicon could define solid nodules as nodules with purely solid internal content in order to enhance the accuracy of estimated risks of malignancy.
Diagnosis ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography

Ultrasonograhy, it's excellent ability of differentiating cystic from solid lesion and depicting detailedarchitecture, proved itself useful in the diagnosis of thyroid pathologies. Adanced high resolution equipmentsmade hidden small lesion detected and finer structure clearly seen. They seemed to throw light on the histologicaldiagnosis of thyroid diseases, especially differentiation of benignancy and malignancy. Author reviewed picturesof high-resolution ultrasonography of thyroid disease(24 ases0 and correlated them witn proven pathologicalfindings. The results were as follows: 1. Multiplicity of lesion favors benignancy(4 cases). 2. Well definedmargin favors benignancy(14/17), while ill defined margin favors malignancy(3/4), and lesion of no margin favorsthyroiditis(3/3). 3. Surrounding halo favors benignancy(7 cases). 4. Hypoechogenicity were found in most ofmalignancy and thyroiditis. Cystic components in solid nodule were common findings in bening and malignantlesions. Calcification was not found in malignancy.
Diagnosis ; Pathology ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Nodule ; Thyroiditis ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thyroid scan is a good tool for diagnosis of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules (HNs), however it has been limited in use in a primary clinical practice, because of its inconvenience and low accessibility. This study aimed to analyze ultrasonographic (US) characteristics of HNs and to predict HNs by US. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 114 patients who exhibited results of ‘hot’ nodule in the thyroid scan from 2008 to 2017. Analysis for US characteristics included 73 patients without unclear US images and other inevitable reasons. We compared US characteristics of HNs with cold nodules that showed “cold” in the thyroid scan. Additionally, we compared US characteristics of HNs between suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (<0.25 uIU/mL) or normal TSH, and analysis receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for prediction of suppressed TSH among HNs. RESULTS: The HNs showed more partially cystic nodule, isoechoic echogenicity, hypervascularity and presence of halo in the US finding than the cold nodule. In subgroup analysis of nodules with TSH suppression among HNs, the TSH suppression nodules was lager in max size and volume than the normal TSH nodules. In ROC analyses for prediction of the TSH suppression among HNs, area under receiver operating characteristics curves was 0.736 in max size, 0.761 in volume. CONCLUSION: HNs showed more frequently partially cystic contents, isoechoic echogenicity, hypervascularity, and peripheral halo sign in US finding. Thyroid nodule size and volume were associated with suppressed TSH level of HNs, and optimal cutoff levels for prediction of TSH suppression among HNs were 2.6 cm and 1.13 cm3, respectively.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; ROC Curve ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Nodule ; Thyrotropin ; Ultrasonography

To compare the clinical value of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules, and to further study whether the combination of SMI and/or CEUS with thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) can improve the diagnostic value of TI-RADS.
 Methods: SMI, CEUS, TI-RADS, TI-RADS combined with CEUS, TI-RADS combined with SMI, TI-RADS combined with SMI and CEUS were used to differentiate thyroid nodules. TI-RADS 4b, 5 categories in two-dimensional ultrasound, hypoenhancement in CEUS, and peripheral blood flow with penetrating vessels in SMI were considered malignant signs. The diagnostic efficacy of these methods was compared according to post-operative pathology or fine needle aspiration cytology.
 Results: A total of 237 patients with 296 thyroid nodules were included in the study. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for TI-RADS were 78.4%, 77.7% and 78.0% respectively, 75.5%, 86.6% and 81.4% in SMI, 82.0%, 88.5% and 85.5% in CEUS, 92.1%, 90.4% and 91.2% in TI-RADS combined with SMI and CEUS. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) showed no significant difference between SMI, CEUS, TI-RADS (χ2=4.29, P=0.117). AUROC of both TI-RADS combined with CEUS (χ2=39.62, P<0.001), TI-RADS combined with SMI (χ2=36.61, P<0.001) were higher than TI-RADS. AUROC of TI-RADS combined with SMI and CEUS was higher than TI-RADS combined with SMI (χ2=4.50, P=0.033) or TI-RADS combined with CEUS (χ2=4.24, P=0.039).
 Conclusion: Peripheral blood flow with penetrating vessels in SMI possesses high diagnostic value in differentiating thyroid cancer. The combination of SMI and/or CEUS with TI-RADS can be used to improve the diagnostic efficacy of TI-RADS in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroid Nodule ; Ultrasonography

Thyroid nodules are very common and fine needle aspiration is an accurate and cost effective diagnostic tool for differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Benign diagnosis on cytology is accurate and reliable, however, follow up sonography or fine needle aspiration is recommended to rule out malignancy. Until now, there are few studies regarding natural course of cytologically diagnosed benign thyroid nodules. In this review, malignant risk and long-term follow up data of cytologically diagnosed benign thyroid nodules is discussed.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Ultrasonography

The detection of thyroid nodules has become more common with the widespread use of ultrasonography (US). US is the mainstay for detecting and making the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules as well as for providing guidance for a biopsy. The Task Force on Thyroid Nodules of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology has developed recommendations for the US diagnosis and US-based management of thyroid nodules. The review and recommendations in this report have been based on a comprehensive analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and from the consensus of experts.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Thyroid Gland/pathology/ultrasonography ; Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology/ultrasonography ; Thyroid Nodule/pathology/*ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Interventional