The present study compared leptin, adiponectin, and thyroid hormone concentrations in normal and obese dogs, and evaluated the association between leptin and adiponectin concentrations and thyroid function. The serum leptin, adiponectin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and cortisol concentrations were measured in 18 normal dogs (body condition score [BCS]: 4-5/9) and 16 obese dogs (BCS: 8-9/9). Leptin and T3 concentrations were higher in the obese group than the normal weight group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In both groups, the T3 and leptin concentrations were correlated (r = 0.370, p < 0.05), as were the TSH and fT4 and adiponectin concentrations (r = -0.373, p < 0.05 and r = 0.369, p < 0.05, respectively). In the normal weight group, the TSH and fT4 concentrations were correlated with the adiponectin concentrations (r = - 0.528, p < 0.05 and r = 0.482, p < 0.05, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that leptin and T3 concentrations are significantly higher in obese dogs than normal weight dogs, and the serum T3 and leptin concentrations are positively correlated.
Adiponectin* ; Animals ; Dogs* ; Hydrocortisone ; Leptin* ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Hormones* ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

The present study compared leptin, adiponectin, and thyroid hormone concentrations in normal and obese dogs, and evaluated the association between leptin and adiponectin concentrations and thyroid function. The serum leptin, adiponectin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and cortisol concentrations were measured in 18 normal dogs (body condition score [BCS]: 4-5/9) and 16 obese dogs (BCS: 8-9/9). Leptin and T3 concentrations were higher in the obese group than the normal weight group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In both groups, the T3 and leptin concentrations were correlated (r = 0.370, p < 0.05), as were the TSH and fT4 and adiponectin concentrations (r = -0.373, p < 0.05 and r = 0.369, p < 0.05, respectively). In the normal weight group, the TSH and fT4 concentrations were correlated with the adiponectin concentrations (r = - 0.528, p < 0.05 and r = 0.482, p < 0.05, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that leptin and T3 concentrations are significantly higher in obese dogs than normal weight dogs, and the serum T3 and leptin concentrations are positively correlated.
Adiponectin* ; Animals ; Dogs* ; Hydrocortisone ; Leptin* ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Hormones* ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research is to study changes in pituitary hormone in anterior lobe and thyroid hormone before, after, and during recovery time in severe 100 km ultramarathon. METHODS: Healthy middle-aged runners (age, 52.0±4.8 years) participated in the test. Grade exercise test is done, and then blood is taken from those participants before and after completing 100 km ultramarathon at the intervals of 24 hours (1 day), 72 hours (3 days), and 120 hours (5 days) to analyze their luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (Free T4). RESULTS: For LH, it decreased more significantly at 100 km than pre-race. However, after 1 day result increased more than that of 100 km. At 3 days, it was significantly higher than pre-race and 100 km, recovering at 5 days. In terms of FSH, it decreased at 100 km, 1 day, and 3 days more than pre-race but recovered at 5 days. TSH was higher at 1 day and 5 days compared to pre-race. T3 was only higher at 100 km than pre-race. T4 was higher till 5 days at 100 km than pre-race. Free T4 increased more significantly at 100 km than pre-race. CONCLUSION: In terms of severe long distance running, LH and FSH which belong to hormone from anterior lobe as well as T3, T4, and Free T4 which belong to thyroid hormone showed their variation within the standard range. However, TSH showed abnormal increase from enhanced concentration of blood after marathon becoming hyper-activation even during the recovery period.
Exercise Test ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Running ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormones* ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Levothyroxine (L-T4) monotherapy to normalize TSH level might be not sufficient to restore serum free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels in hypothyroid patients. This study aimed to compare the thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid L-T4 treated athyreotic patients and euthyroid healthy control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 69 euthyroid L-T4 treated athyreotic female patients after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation therapy and 90 euthyroid healthy female. Serum fT3 and free thyroxine (fT4) levels were simultaneously measured using two different assay kits (A and B). RESULTS: The serum fT4 level was higher in the athyreotic patients (kit A: p<0.001, kit B: p=0.046), and the serum fT3 level was higher in control subjects (kit A: p=0.047, kit B: p=0.102). In the control group, the serum fT3 level was stable and not correlated with the TSH level (kit A: tau=−0.10, p=0.18, kit B: tau=−0.06, p=0.40). However, in the patient group, the serum fT3 level was negatively correlated with the TSH level (kit A: tau=−0.22, p=0.012, kit B: tau=−0.31, p<0.001). All thyroid hormone parameters measured by kit A showed higher area under the curve values than those measured by kit B for distinguishing the patients from the control subjects. CONCLUSION: The serum fT3 levels in L-T4 treated athyreotic euthyroid patients were significantly lower than and varied from those of euthyroid healthy control subjects. Thus, L-T4 monotherapy might not be appropriate for some athyreotic patients to maintain optimal T3 levels.
Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Iodine ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

Objective: To present a case of a double ectopic thyroid gland in a 10-year old boy and discuss the pros and cons of the different management options that were available. Methods: Design: Case Report. Setting: Tertiary Hospital in Metro Manila. Subject: One (1). Results: A 10-year-old boy presented with hoarseness and easy fatigability for 6 years. Rigid endoscopy and CT scan showed an infraglottic mass originating from the anterior tracheal wall causing obstruction. Biopsy revealed thyroid tissue with atypia. Thyroid scintigraphy showed uptake in the submental and midline anterior neck. Thyroid hormone levels were consistent with hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine returned hormone levels to normal and resulted in complete regression of the mass with no symptoms of dyspnea, stridor or bleeding. Conclusion The management of ectopic thyroid presents a challenge as there are no guidelines for optimal treatment. Thyroid hormone insufficiency is a frequent occurrence, and emphasis must be given to its monitoring. Surgery in a critical airway lesion such as this may be reserved for cases where the patient experiences dyspnea and stridor or lack of response to thyroid hormone treatment.
Thyroid Dysgenesis ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyroxine

Objectives: Daily levothyroxine is the treatment of choice and standard of care in hypothyroidism, sufficient to restore thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to normal range. For many patients, daily lifelong therapy is required, making adherence a major issue. In such cases, weekly replacement may be a suitable alternative to improve adherence. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of weekly levothyroxine replacement among adults with hypothyroidism. Methodology: Electronic databases were searched. Two reviewers (HCC and RBL) independently screened the abstracts, reviewed full-text papers, critically appraised the quality of included studies using PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model. The primary outcome is the difference in serum TSH levels between weekly and daily administration, while secondary outcomes included adverse events and symptoms of hypothyroidism. Results: The primary outcome is the difference in serum TSH levels between weekly and daily administration. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and clinical symptoms. The study included two randomized trials (n=109) in the primary analysis. The difference in TSH levels was 1.78 mIU/mL higher [(95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28 to 2.28, p<0.00001] at 6 weeks and 1.22 mIU/mL higher (95% CI: 0.76 to 1.67, p<0.00001) at 12 weeks for the weekly regimen. There was no significant heterogeneity between the two groups. There was no significant difference in hypothyroid symptoms and adverse events before and after levothyroxine treatment within each group. Conclusions Weekly levothyroxine resulted in less suppression and higher mean serum TSH levels, while still remaining within the normal reference range. It may be a suitable alternative for non-adherent patients. However, larger randomized trials with longer duration of follow-up are needed to firmly establish its role.
Hypothyroidism ; Thyroxine ; Thyroid Hormones

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy has been associated with differences in thyroid function.1 Maternal thyroid dysfunction has been shown to be associated with fetal and obstetric complications and prompt management is of importance. It has thus been recommended by the British and American Thyroid Association11,12 that trimester-specific thyroid function test reference ranges be used in the assessment of thyroid dysfunction. Normative values across the trimesters of pregnancy have been conducted in several countries13,17,19 and in the Philippines. Reference ranges
in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy were conducted by Patal and Hamin et al. which showed values of TSH 0.14-3.84 uIU/mL, FT4 10.44-21.58 pmol/L, FT3 2.4-5.82 pmol/L in the first trimester and TSH 0.10-4.30 uIU/mL, FT4 9.10-19.40 pmol/L, FT3 2.70- 5.190 pmol/L in the second trimester, respectively.
OBJECTIVE: To establish third trimester reference intervals for free thyroid hormones (free triiodothyronine [FT3], free thyroxine [FT4]) and thyrotropin [TSH] from thyroid peroxidase antibody [TPOAb]-negative Filipino
pregnant women.
DESIGN: This is a prospective, cross-sectional study which included consecutive 200 healthy third-trimester pregnant Filipino women attending Philippine General Hospital (PGH) out-patient services. Serum TSH, FT4, FT3, and TPOAb were measured.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reference intervals are based on 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for TSH, FT4, and FT3 among TPOAb-negative third-trimester pregnant Filipino patients.
ANALYSIS: All numerical data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed using STATA 12. FT3, FT4 and TSH were expressed as mean ±SD, range at 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles.
RESULTS: The reference ranges for TSH, FT4 and FT3 in TPOAb-negative third-trimester pregnant population are as follows: TSH= 0.2-3.0 uIU/mL; FT4 = 9.16-18.64 pmol/L and FT3= 2.09-3.7 pmol/L.
CONCLUSION: Reference ranges for thyroid function tests for the third trimester of TPOAb-negative pregnant Filipino women were determined in this study and are as follows: TSH= 0.2-3.0uIU/mL; FT4 = 9.16-18.64pmol/L and FT3= 2.09-3.7pmol/L.

Human ; Female ; Adult ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine ; Iodide Peroxidase ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Pregnancy Trimesters ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Hormones

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by diminished response of the target tissue to thyroid hormone caused, in the majority of cases, by mutation of the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRbeta) gene. Despite elevated serum levels of free thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), the paucity of symptoms and signs of thyroid dysfunction suggest RTH. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with goiter. Her thyroid function tests showed increased serum levels of free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and TSH. The genetic analysis of THRbeta confirmed a novel mutation in exon 9; this was a heterozygous C-to-T change in the 327th codon, substituting threonine for isoleucine (T327I).
Child ; Codon ; Exons ; Female ; Goiter ; Humans ; Isoleucine ; Threonine ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta* ; Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this prospective study is to define the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the concentration of thyroid hormones and metabolites. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 15 patients undergoing open heart surgery at 1) pre-induction, 2) after heparinization, 3) during CPB, 4) 2 hours after CPB, 5) 24 hours after CPB and 6) 48 hours after CPB. Thyroid stimulating hormone, albumin, thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and reverse T3 (T3) were measured. RESULTS: Concentration of T3 significantly decreased after infusion of heparin and maintained at the decreased level until postbypass 24 hours. Concentration of FT3 significantly increased after heparin administration but maintained at a control level during CPB and decreased after postbypass 24 , 48 hours (p<0.05). Reverse T3 increased at 24 and 48 hours after CPB (p<0.05). Thyroxine decreased during CPB and return to control level after CPB. Free thyroxine did not change significantly. Thyroid stimulating hormone was significantly depressed at 24 hours after CPB (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This result suggest that the thyroid function is depressed until 48 hours after CPB and it seems to be associated with abnormal metabolism of thyroid hormones.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Heart* ; Heparin ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Prospective Studies ; Thoracic Surgery* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine

Cholestyramine (CS) is an ion exchange resin, which binds to iodothyronines and would lower serum thyroid hormone level. The use of CS added to conventional antithyroid drugs to control thyrotoxicosis has been applied since 1980's, and several studies indicate that using CS in combination with methimazole (MZ) produces a more rapid decline in serum thyroid hormones than with only MZ treatment. Our recent retrospective review of five patients taking high dose MZ and CS, compared to age-, gender-, initial free thyroxine (T4) level-, and MZ dose-matched 12 patients with MZ use only, showed more rapid decline of both free T4 and triiodothyronine levels without more adverse events. CS could be safely applicable short-term adjunctive therapy when first-line antithyroid medications are not enough to adequately control severe thyrotoxicosis or side effects of antithyroid drug would be of great concern.
Antithyroid Agents ; Cholestyramine Resin* ; Graves Disease ; Humans ; Ion Exchange ; Methimazole ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyrotoxicosis* ; Thyroxine ; Triiodothyronine