The basic function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is to promote vascular growth. Recent studies show that VEGF plays a vital role in various thyroid diseases through prompting angiogenesis. But the function of VEGF and specific change condition in different thyroid disease still needs further explorations. This review mainly focuses on the molecular characteristics and clinical application of VEGF.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Animals ; Graves Disease ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Thyroid Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Thyroid Gland ; blood supply ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Thyroiditis ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: A correct thyroid function reference range is important for the accurate diagnosis of thyroid disease during pregnancy. However, there is no consensus on whether thyroid function reference ranges in Chinese population should follow the America Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines. This study aimed to establish a thyroid function reference range more suited to the Chinese population by evaluating the current thyroid function reference range in pregnant Chinese women and comparing it to the ATA guidelines. METHODS: A total of 52,027 pregnant women were enrolled from January 2013 to December 2016. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels were tested during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Reference ranges of TSH and FT4 were established from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the TPOAb-negative population of women. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare thyroid hormones between the TPOAb-positive and TPOAb-negative groups. RESULTS: We obtained that the TSH reference ranges were 0.03 to 3.52 mU/L and 0.39 to 3.67 mU/L, and the FT4 reference ranges were 11.7 to 19.7 pmol/L and 9.1 to 14.4 pmol/L, in the first and third trimester, respectively. If we used the 2011 ATA criteria about 7.0% and 4.0% pregnant women would be over diagnosed in first and third trimester, respectively, compared with local population thyroid hormone reference. When we compared our local criteria with the new 2017 ATA criteria, about 1.2% and 0.8% pregnant women would have a missed diagnosis in first and third trimester, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, which is in line with the current ATA guidelines, a population-based thyroid function reference range would be the first choice for diagnosis of thyroid disease during pregnancy in China. In case such population-based thyroid function reference ranges are unavailable in the east of China, our reference ranges can be adopted, if the same assay is used. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.chictr.org.cn (No. ChiCTR1800014394).
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Iodide Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Thyroid Gland ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Thyrotropin ; metabolism ; Thyroxine ; metabolism ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the relationship between early spontaneous cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) and thyroid hormone metabolism after mitral replacement in patients with rheumatic heart disease, and explore the treatment strategy of early spontaneous cardioversion after mitral valve replacement.

METHODSAccording to the occurrence of cardioversion, 138 patients with mitral valve replacement were divided into conversion group and non-conversion group, and based on the duration of sinus rhythm, the patients in conversion group were divided into < 3 days group and > 3 days group. Triiodothyronine (T3) was detected by radioimmunoassay in all the patients.

RESULTST3 metabolism decreased significantly after the operation in all the patients. Early spontaneous cardioversion of AF occurred 2 h after the operation in 52 cases (37.7%), and 28 (20.3%) of the cases had a duration of sinus rhythm longer than 3 days. T3 was significantly decreased in conversion group and non-conversion group by 44.5% and 58.7% at 2 h, by 40.0% and 52.4% at 24 h and by 28.6% and 37.7% at 72 h after the operation, respectively. The levels of T3 in conversion group was significantly higher than the levels in non-conversion group, and showed no significant variation with the duration of sinus rhythm.

CONCLUSIONEnhancement of T3 levels after mitral valve replacement may increase the probability of early spontaneous cardioversion of AF, but can not affect the duration of sinus rhythm. This finding supports the supplementation of T3 perioperatively in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries.

Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; physiopathology ; Electric Countershock ; Female ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitral Valve ; surgery ; Postoperative Period ; Rheumatic Heart Disease ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Thyroid Gland ; metabolism ; Thyroid Hormones ; metabolism ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Overt thyroid dysfunction is well known to affect weight. However, the influence of normal-range changes in thyroid status on body mass index (BMI) is unclear. We sought to evaluate thyroid function (free T4, TSH) and its possible relationship with BMI and lipid profiles in euthyroid subjects. METHODS: A total of 1572 euthyroid women (mean age 46.2 years) who visited Daegu Catholic University Medical Centre for primary health screening participated in this cross-sectional study. Women who were not euthyroid and women who took thyroid medication were excluded. TSH, free T4, and lipid profile [total-cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, LDL-C] were evaluated. RESULTS: Obese euthyroid women had lower free T4 levels than did lean euthyroid women. After adjustment for age and smoking, free T4, but not TSH, was significantly negatively correlated with BMI. After adjustment for age, smoking, and BMI, free T4 was negatively correlated with TG to a significant degree. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a negative correlation between free T4 within the normal range and BMI in euthyroid subjects. These findings suggest that low free T4 is associated with obesity in euthyroid subjects.
Adult ; *Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol/blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/blood/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Pilot Projects ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid Gland/*metabolism/physiopathology ; Thyrotropin/*blood ; Thyroxine/*blood ; Triglycerides/analysis/blood ; Triiodothyronine/blood

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) replacement therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism and thyroid function in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS).

METHODSForty-seven ISS children with a mean age of 10±3 years treated between January 2009 and January 2013 were enrolled. All children underwent r-hGH replacement therapy for 3-24 months and were followed up once every 3 months. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin (INS), blood lipids and thyroid function were measured before treatment and after 0-1 and 1-2 years of treatment.

RESULTSAfter treatment with r-hGH, there were no significant changes in FBG, INS, insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and FBG/INS ratio (FGIR), but the FGIR showed a declining trend. The percentage of patients with FGIR<7 (a marker of insulin resistance) was 13% before treatment compared to 18% 1-2 years after treatment. The atherosclerosis index decreased after r-hGH treatment, but there were no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and BMI. Furthermore, no significant change in thyroid function was observed after r-hGH therapy.

CONCLUSIONSr-hGH therapy can improve lipid metabolism, without significant impacts on thyroid function, FBG and INS. It seems to be a safe and reliable therapy for children with ISS. However, this therapy possibly reduces insulin sensitivity.

Adolescent ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Growth Disorders ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Human Growth Hormone ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Insulin ; blood ; Lipid Metabolism ; drug effects ; Male ; Thyroid Gland ; drug effects ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between yin-deficiency constitution (YDC) and biochemical indexes by way of observing the endocrinal and immune functions in subjects with YDC.

METHODSOn the basis of epidemiological investigation, 60 subjects with YDC and 50 with gentle constitution (GC) were selected according to the pertinent criteria. From each subject, 8 mL of fasting venous blood was drawn at 8:00-9:00 in the morning, with the serum separated by centrifugation 3 000 r/min for 5 min and preserved at -70 degrees Celsius in a freezer. Serum levels of corticosterone, cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), throtropic stimulation hormone, interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) were detected by double-antibody sandwich ELISA; cAMP/cGMP ratio was calculated, and the difference between the two constitutions in terms of these indexes was analyzed.

RESULTSSerum FT3 was 4.16 + or - 1.38 pmol/L in subjects with YDC, which was higher than that in subjects with GC (3.71 + or - 0.55 pmol/L), but levels of cortisol (124.58 + or - 45.36 ng/mL), ACTH (58.92 + or - 14.55 pg/mL), cGMP (66.00 + or - 18.02 pmol/mL) and FT4 (12.33 + or - 3.12 pmol/L) in YDC were lower than those in GC (13.43 + or - 2.31 pmol/L), showing significant difference (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONYDC is related to some extent with the disturbances in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, cyclic nucleoside system and immune function.

Adult ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; blood ; Endocrine System ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; physiopathology ; Immune System ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Nucleosides ; blood ; Observation ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; physiopathology ; Thyroid Gland ; physiopathology ; Yin Deficiency ; blood ; diagnosis ; immunology ; physiopathology ; Young Adult