1.Weight and morphologic development of prenatal human thymus.
Il Soo HA ; Kwang Wook KO ; Je Geun CHI
Journal of the Korean Pediatric Society 1991;34(8):1057-1069
No abstract available.
Fetus
;
Humans*
;
Thymus Gland*
2.Peripheral Generation of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells.
Byung Seok KIM ; Young Jun PARK ; Chang Yuil KANG
Immune Network 2007;7(1):1-9
CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the lineage-specific marker Foxp3 represent an important regulatory T cell that is essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance. Although it was believed that Treg development is solely dependent on the thymus, accumulating evidence demonstrates that Tregs can also be induced in the periphery. Considering the various origins of peripherally developed CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, it seems likely that multiple factors are involved in the peripheral generation of Tregs.
Peripheral Tolerance
;
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory*
;
Thymus Gland
3.Expression Pattern of Immunoproteasome Subunits in Human Thymus.
Immune Network 2009;9(6):285-288
The expression pattern of immunoproteasomes in human thymus has not been analyzed but may have important consequences during thymic selection. Here we examined the expression patterns of immunoproteasome subunits in fetal and adult thymic tissues by immunohistochemistry and found that all three subunits are expressed in both cortical and medullary stromal cells. These data suggest that thymic selection in human can be affected by peptide repertoires generated by immunoproteasomes.
Adult
;
Humans
;
Immunohistochemistry
;
Stromal Cells
;
Thymus Gland
4.The Correlation between Anti-acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Titer and Clinical Grade in Myasthenia Gravis.
Yong Won CHO ; Jeong Geon LIM ; Young Choon PARK ; Il Kyu LEE
Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 1992;10(4):436-442
This study was performed to evaluate the titer of serum acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-Ab), the correlation between AChR-Ab titer and clinical state, clinical response to thymectomy and histopathologic finding of thymus in myasthenia gravis. Twenty-seven patients with various clinical grades of myasthenia gravis and twenty-three norrnal controls were included in this study. Mean AChR-Ab titers were 4.21+4.27nM in myasthenia gravis and 0.05+0.06nM in control group(p<0.05). Mean AChR-Ab titers of each clinical grade were 0.80+1.67nM in grade I, 5.05+3.42nN in grade Iia, 8.37+4.50nM in grade Iib, 6.67nM in grade m and 10.89nM in grade IV. There were significant correlation between clinical grade and level of AChR-AB titer. There were no correlation between degree of clinical improvement and changes of serum AChR-Ab titer after thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. There were also no correlation between level of AChR-Ab titers and histopathologic findings of thymus.
Acetylcholine
;
Humans
;
Myasthenia Gravis*
;
Thymectomy
;
Thymus Gland
5.The Correlation between Anti-acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Titer and Clinical Grade in Myasthenia Gravis.
Yong Won CHO ; Jeong Geon LIM ; Young Choon PARK ; Il Kyu LEE
Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 1992;10(4):436-442
This study was performed to evaluate the titer of serum acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-Ab), the correlation between AChR-Ab titer and clinical state, clinical response to thymectomy and histopathologic finding of thymus in myasthenia gravis. Twenty-seven patients with various clinical grades of myasthenia gravis and twenty-three norrnal controls were included in this study. Mean AChR-Ab titers were 4.21+4.27nM in myasthenia gravis and 0.05+0.06nM in control group(p<0.05). Mean AChR-Ab titers of each clinical grade were 0.80+1.67nM in grade I, 5.05+3.42nN in grade Iia, 8.37+4.50nM in grade Iib, 6.67nM in grade m and 10.89nM in grade IV. There were significant correlation between clinical grade and level of AChR-AB titer. There were no correlation between degree of clinical improvement and changes of serum AChR-Ab titer after thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. There were also no correlation between level of AChR-Ab titers and histopathologic findings of thymus.
Acetylcholine
;
Humans
;
Myasthenia Gravis*
;
Thymectomy
;
Thymus Gland
6.Right submandibular ectopic thymus: a case report.
West China Journal of Stomatology 2012;30(1):104-105
Submandibular ectopic thymus is rare in clinical. As this lesion is usually asymptomatic, it easily leads to misdiagnosis and treatment failure. This article reported a case of submandibular mass caused by ectopic thymus, and discussed based on relevant literatures.
Choristoma
;
Humans
;
Mouth Diseases
;
Thymus Gland
7.Parathyroid Glands Location, vascular supply and preservation during a total thyroidectomy.
Suk Joon HONG ; Pyung Wha CHOI ; Young Kee SHONG ; Il Min AHN ; Gyungyub GONG ; Kun Choon PARK
Journal of the Korean Surgical Society 1999;57(6):820-827
BACKGROUND: It is well known that the inferior parathyroids are more difficult to preserved than the superior parathyroid glands because the inferior parathyroid glands have more anatomical variations. METHODS: The authors analysed the gross surgical findings of a total of 411 inferior parathyroid glands in 314 total thyroidectomy cases. The inferior parathyroid glands were grouped according to patterns based on their location and arterial blood supply. RESULTS: Type 1 (location: posterior surface of the lower thyroid pole; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 51% and presevation rate 62%. Type 2 (location: thyrothymic ligament or in the thymus; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 27% and preservation rate 86%. Type 3 (location: apart from the lower thyroid pole; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 6.1% and preservation rate 92%. Type 4 (location: anteriorly on the lower thyroid pole; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 4.1% and preservation rate 33%. Type 5 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: comes out from the thyroid gland): incidence 4.1% and preservation rate 0%. Type 6 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: branch of the superior thyroid artery): incidence 3.6% and preservation rate 80%. Type 7 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: embedded in the thyroid gland): incidence 2.9% and preservation rate 36%. Type 8 (location: more superior than usual; artery: superior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 0.7% and preservation rate 67%. Type 9 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: thyroid ima artery): incidence 0.5% and preservation rate 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The most identified inferior parathyroids belonged to the usual types, and their pre-servation rate were relatively high. However there were some unusual types though their incidence was low. Thus, accurate anatomical knowledge of variations in the location and the blood supply of the inferior parathyroids is needed to enhance the preservation rate.
Arteries
;
Incidence
;
Ligaments
;
Parathyroid Glands*
;
Thymus Gland
;
Thyroid Gland
;
Thyroidectomy*
8.Thymoma Arising from Aberrant Cervical Thymus.
Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 1998;39(6):1131-1133
Thymoma is one of the most common neoplasms of the mediastinum, and the most frequent tumor of theanterosuperior compartment. Thymoma developing from arrested undescended thymic cells in the neck is, however,rare. The most common extrathoracic location is the vicinity of the thyroid. Two cases of aberrant cervicalthymoma are presented. Both manifested as mass lesions at the thoracic inlet, with superior displacement of thethyroid. The masses had clinical features similar to those previously reported for cervical thymoma: preponderancein women, and the absence of myasthenic symptoms, but in one case there was malignant transformation.
Bays
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Mediastinum
;
Neck
;
Thymoma*
;
Thymus Gland*
;
Thyroid Gland
9.Two Cases of Ectopic Cervical Thymic Tumors Mimicking as Thyroid Tumors.
Yoon Woo KOH ; Jae Hong PARK ; Jang Yul BYUN ; Hee Kyung KIM
Korean Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2005;48(12):1536-1540
The thymus arises from the ventral wings of the third and fourth branchial pouches in the embryo. Subsequently, the thymus passes down to the mediastinum by the sixth week of gestation. Several unusual conditions such as remnants of the thymus and incomplete descent may occur along the path of descent. Therefore, thymic diseases such as thymoma, thymic hyperplasia, and thymic cyst can be found in the neck. Thymoma is the most common anterior mediastinal mass in adult. Rarely, it is presented as an anterior neck mass, commonly located in the anterolateral aspect of the neck or adjacent to the thyroid. Cervical thymic cyst is uncommon and usually occurs in the first and second decades. Cervical thymic cyst after the third decade is so rare that it is very difficult to diagnose preoperatively. We experienced two cases of cervical thymic neoplasm in the lower anterior neck in an adult. Here, we present the cases with a review of the related literatures.
Adult
;
Embryonic Structures
;
Humans
;
Mediastinal Cyst
;
Mediastinum
;
Neck
;
Pregnancy
;
Thymoma
;
Thymus Gland
;
Thymus Hyperplasia
;
Thymus Neoplasms*
;
Thyroid Gland*
10.A case of true thymic hyperplasia in the mediastinum with ectopic thymus in the neck.
Hyun Jung KIM ; Sun Hwa JANG ; Ji Sook PARK ; Eun Sil PARK ; Ji Hyun SEO ; Jae Young LIM ; Chan Hoo PARK ; Hyang Ok WOO ; Hee Shang YOUN
Korean Journal of Pediatrics 2006;49(9):996-999
True thymic hyperplasia and ectopic thymus are very rare in children. In embryologic aspect, thymus is distributed around cervical area and ends up in mediastinum. This case is simultaneous thymic hyperplasia of neck and mediastinum. Ectopic thymus in the neck and thymic hyperplasia in the mediastinum in children were reported 2 and 7 cases respectively in Korea. In Clinical aspects, these thymic hyperplasia were presented by mass. So we should suspect these benign condition to avoid unnecessary operation or biopsy. We report a case of true thymic hyperplasia in the mediastinum with ectopic thymus in the neck in a 4-month-old male infant and review the relevant literature. We believe this is the first reported case in the world of true thymus hyperplasia in the mediastinum with cervical ectopic thymus in the neck.
Biopsy
;
Child
;
Humans
;
Infant
;
Korea
;
Male
;
Mediastinum*
;
Neck*
;
Thymus Gland*
;
Thymus Hyperplasia*