OBJECTIVE: : To investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL). METHODS: : The non-enzymatic glycation incubation system of LDL-glucose was established. The contents of early glycation products (Amodori product) and intermediate products (dicarbonyl compound) were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and the content of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The LDL oxidation incubation system was established. The contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) and conjugated diene were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The tryptophan fluorescence quenching, and the content of lipofuscin, total fluorescence products, active aldehydes and malondialdehyde were determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry, and further verified by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS: : In the LDL glycation experiment, 150 μg/mL and 300 μg/mL CGA inhibited the formation of Amadori product, dicarbonyl compounds and AGEs. In the LDL oxidation experiment, 15 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL CGA inhibited the formation of TBARS effectively; 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL CGA inhibited tryptophan fluorescence quenching, and the formation of active aldehydes, malondialdehyde, total fluorescence products, lipofuscin and conjugated diolefine. And the three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy showed the same results. CONCLUSIONS : CGA can inhibit non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of LDL.
Chlorogenic Acid ; pharmacology ; Glycosylation ; drug effects ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; drug effects ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; analysis

This study was performed to examine the change of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by antioxidant material in hypercholesterolemic elderly women (serum total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dl). The subjects were 51 elderly women aged over 60 yrs. They were divided into antioxidant nutrients complex group (n = 25) and spirulina group (n = 26). Antioxidant nutrients complex (1 capsule/day) and spirulina (7.5 mg/day) were used for intervention for 8 weeks. All the subjects were fully informed the purpose of study and gave written consents to participate in this study. Dietary intakes, anthropometric indices and blood assessment for lipid, immune function and antioxidant status were measured before and after supplementation. Either antioxidant nutrients complex or spirulina supplementation for 8 weeks resulted in improved antioxidant status evidence by increased TAS (total antioxidant status) and decreased TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance). This intervention led to decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, LDLcholesterol, oxLDL, apolipoprotein B, IL-6 and IL-6 production by peripheral blood lymphocyte. In conclusion, the lipid profiles, immune function and antioxidant capacity were improved after either antioxidant nutrient complex or spirulina supplementation for hypercholesterolemic women. Therefore, improving antioxidant status using supplementation could provide means of controlling cardiovascular disease in Korean elderly people.
Aged* ; Apolipoproteins ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Clinical Trial ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Korea* ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Lymphocytes ; Spirulina ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Objective To investigate the combined effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression on spatial memory in old rats, aiming to better understand the comorbidity of the two diseases in geriatric patients. Methods The SD rats were assigned into five groups: adult control group (n=6), elderly control group (n=6), elderly COPD group (n=6), elderly depression group (n=6) and elderly COPD with depression group (n=6). Smoking and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) with solitary support were used to induce COPD model, depression model, respectively, and the both were applied for the comorbidity model. Learning and memory deficits were assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and hippocampus tissue were determined by Xanthinoxidase method and Thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBAR) method, respectively. Results The results of pulmonary histology, lung function, open-field test and sucrose consumption demonstrated the comorbidity models of COPD and depression in elderly rats were successfully established using smoking and CUMS with solitary support. Compared with the elderly control group, the group of COPD with depression had obviously longer time of latency and longer travel distance to reach the platform in MWM test (LSD-t=-10.116, P=0.000; LSD-t=-6.448, P=0.000). The SOD activity in serum and hippocampus decreased significantly (LSD-t=2.629, P=0.014; LSD-t=2.215, P=0.044) and the MDA content in serum and hippocampus increased significantly (LSD-t=-2.140, P=0.042; LSD-t=-2.070, P=0.049) in elderly COPD with depression group. Conclusions COPD in comorbidity of depression could induce spatial memory deficit in old rats. The mechanisms might be related to the overloaded and free radical metabolic imbalance. These results suggest a potential therapeutic target for comorbidity of COPD and depression in geriatric patients.
Animals ; Depression ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spatial Memory ; physiology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; metabolism

This paper was to explore the effect of blood oxygen saturation (SO2) on oxidative damages of erythrocytes under the condition of oxidative stress. Keeping SO2 of cultured erythrocytes in vitro at the states of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 0.98, respectively, we induced oxidative stress by tert-buthylhydroperoxide (BHP, 0.15 mmol/L of final concentration). After incubation, antioxidant capacity was assessed by measuring content of reduced glutathin hormone (GSH) in erythrocytes. Methemoglobin (MetHb) content, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) and denatured globin-chains on the plasma membrane were measured to assess the extent of oxidative damages. The results showed that in the presence of BHP, GSH contents increased from 0.3 to 0.98 groups; MetHb, TBARS and globin-chains levels all dropped with the rise of SO2. In conclusion, antioxidant capacity and oxidative damages of erythrocytes are closely related to SO2, declined SO2 could promote oxidative damages of erythrocytes.
Cells, Cultured ; Erythrocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; physiology ; Glutathione ; blood ; Humans ; Methemoglobin ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Oximetry ; methods ; Oxygen ; blood ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; metabolism ; tert-Butylhydroperoxide ; toxicity

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and liver SAM/SAH ratio in hyperhomocysteinaemia-induced pregnant rats. Forty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided three groups (C: control diet, HFD: 0.3% homocystine and 0 mg folic acid diet, HFS: 0.3 % homocystine and 8 mg/kg folic acid diet) according to homocystine and folic acid levels in the diet. They were fed experimental diets for 5 weeks prior to the mating and also during the entire period of pregnancy till gestational day 20. Dietary folic acid supplementation caused a significant decrease in plasma homocysteine levels which had been increased by a homocystine-diet, with a concomitant increase in plasma and liver folate levels. Liver TBARS levels in homocysteine-folic acid- deficient group (HFD) were higher than those in control group. Dietary folic acid supplementation increased hepatic SAM/SAH ratio in homocysteine-folic acid- supplemetantion group (HFS) when compared to the HFD (p < 0.05). These data suggest that folate depletion and elevated plasma homocysteine may promote oxidative stress in rat livers and influence the remethylation cycle of the homocysteine metabolism detrimentally. In conclusion, dietary folic acid supplementation was found to be effective for lowering plasma homocysteine levels, relieving oxidative stress, and improving the methylation status in the body.
Animals ; Diet ; Female ; Folic Acid* ; Homocysteine* ; Homocystine ; Humans ; Hyperhomocysteinemia ; Liver* ; Metabolism ; Methylation ; Oxidative Stress ; Plasma* ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances*

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry fruit, mulberry leaves and silkworm powder with different mixing ratios on hepatic antioxidative system and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100+/-10 g were induced diabetic by 50 mg/kg bw streptozotocin and randomly assigned to following experimental groups; normal diet group (DM) , 0.3% and 0.6% mulberry fruit diet groups (F and 2F) , 0.3% mulberry leaves diet group (M) , 0.3% silkworm powder diet group (S), 0.15% mulberry fruit + 0.15% mulberry leaves diet group (FM), 0.15% mulberry fruit + 0.15% silkworm powder diet group (FS) , 0.1% mulberry fruit + 0.1% mulberry leaves + 0.1% silkworm powder diet group (FMS) . The experimental diets were fed for 4 weeks. Hepatic SOD activity was not changed significantly by any of single or combined supplementations of mulberry fruit, leaves and silkworm powder but GSH-px and catalase activities were increased by the groups supplemented with two or three of the test ingredients (FM, FS, FMS) as compared with the DM group. Hepatic TBARS value was not reduced significantly by any of the supplementations but lipofuscin contents were significantly reduced in the FM, FS and FMS groups as compared with the DM group. Hepatic mitochondria and microsomal carbonyl values were reduced by the single and combined supplementations of the test ingredients. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities were increased in the all supplementation groups as compared with the DM group. Hepatic total lipid and triglyceride contents were increased but cholesterol contents reduced in the supplemented groups. The effects on the enzyme activities, peroxide or its products and lipid contents were most remarkable in the FMS group. In conclusion, mulberry fruit, mulberry leaves and silkworm powder have the favorable effects on antioxidative system and lipid metabolism in the diabetic liver and the mulberry fruit, leaves and silkworm powder with equal ratio exert the synergistic effect expectedly to prevent diabetic complications.
Animals ; Antioxidants* ; Bombyx* ; Catalase ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Complications ; Diet ; Fruit* ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Lipofuscin ; Liver ; Male ; Mitochondria ; Morus* ; Oxidoreductases ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Streptozocin ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Triglycerides

This study was performed to investigate the age-related changes of the lipid metabolism and thrombogenic capacity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at the ages of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months old. Total lipid, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol in plasma and liver, HDL-cholesterol concentration, and eicosanoid contents in plasma were measured. Lipid peroxides were determined by the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in LDL fraction. Body weight was increased continuous until 16 months and decreased after 20 months. Epididymal fat pad (EFP) weight was increased continuously until 20 months and decreased at 24 months. Total lipid and TG concentrations in plasma were increased until 20 months and then rapidly decreased at 24 months but plasma cholesterol was increased continuously with aging. HDL-cholesterol level was increased continuously until 12 months, but decreased at 16 months and maintained there after. The TBARS levels in LDL fraction were the highest level at 24 months. Liver total lipid, TG, and total cholesterol concentrations were shown a tendency to increase with aging, and especially TG concentration was increased rapidly from 12 months to 16 months. Plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 (6-keto-PGF1) contents did not change with aging, but the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1 was increased with aging, especially from 8 to 12 months. These results showed that lipid levels in plasma and liver, TBARS levels in LDL fraction, and TXB2/6-keto- PGF1 ratio were increased with aging.
Adipose Tissue ; Aging ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Child, Preschool ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Lipid Peroxides ; Liver ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Thromboxane B2 ; Triglycerides

The present study was designed to observe the effect of chronically ingested ethanol on the level of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which is a non-oxidative metabolite of ethanol metabolism in tissues, and its correlation to the status of oxidative stress in rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 145 - 155 g were divided into 2 groups, Control and EtOH. All rats were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 4 weeks by pair-feeding. An isocaloric maltose dextrin was added in replace of 50 g ethanol (36%kcal) in the control diet. Chronically ingested ethanol significantly increased the content of FAEEs in pancreas and liver, but not in brain. The level of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly increased, but alpha-tocopherol level was significantly decreased in pancreas and liver. However, the levels of TBARS and alpha-tocopherol in brain were not significantly affected by ethanol ingestion. Therefore, chronically ingested ethanol might cause tissue damage by increasing the levels of FAEEs and TBARS and dissipating more alpha-tocopherol in tissues.
alpha-Tocopherol ; Animals ; Brain ; Control Groups ; Diet ; Eating* ; Esters* ; Ethanol* ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Liver ; Male ; Maltose ; Metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Pancreas ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

This study was performed to investigate effect of dried powder or ethanol extracts of onion flesh and peel intakes on lipid metabolism, antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacities in 16-month -old rats. Total of 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats of 16-month-old and weighing 816 +/- 6 g were blocked into 5 groups according to body weight and raised for three months with control and experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) of dried powders of onion flesh or peel or ethanol extracts from equal amount of each dried powder. Contents of total flavonoids and total dietary fibers in peel powder were highest among onion preparations. Body weight gain and epididymal pad fat weight were lower in peel powder group than other groups. Plasma total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations of onion-containing groups were lower than control group. Above all, peel ethanol extract intake decreased them most remarkably. Plasma HDLcholesterol concentrations in onion-containing groups were higher than control group, especially that of flesh powder group was the highest among groups. Liver total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different among all experimental groups. However, liver total lipid and triglyceride concentrations were tended to be lower in onion-containing groups than control group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations in LDL + VLDL fraction was not significantly affected by onion intakes, However peel powder group showed the lowest concentration, Plasma TXB2 concentrations in onion flesh powder, peel powder and peel ethanol extract groups were lower than control group, while plasma 6-keto-PGF1alpha concentrations in these same groups were higher than control group. Clotting time was tended to be increased in peel ethanol extract group. In conclusion onion diets seemed to improve lipid metabolism and antithrombogenic capacity while effect on antioxidative was not significant.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Dietary Fiber ; Ethanol* ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Infant* ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Liver ; Male ; Onions* ; Plasma ; Powders* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Triglycerides

This intervention study was performed to assess the effect of spirulina on lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in elderly Koreans. The subjects were 6 male and 6 female people between the ages of 60 and 75, who were given spirulina supplements of 7.5 g/day for 24 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical assessment for plasma lipid levels, antioxidant status and immune function were measured before and throughout the intervention period. Before entering the study, the subjects were in relatively good health. Their nutrient intake was satisfactory, and anthropometric indices and plasma nutrient levels were within the normal range. Spirulina supplementation for 24 weeks did not affect dietary intake and anthropometric parameters. However, considerable changes were observed in blood lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and immune indices. The plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total- and LDL-cholesterol decreased from 4 weeks of the supplementation period. The antioxidant capacity improved, as shown in increasing TAS and decreasing TBARS after supplementation. Improved immune function was also observed as the PBL lymphocyte proliferation rate and plasma C3 levels increased. The above effects of spirulina supplementation did not differ between mild hypercholesterolemic (cholesterol > or =200mg/d1) and normochole-sterolemic (cholesterol <200 mg/dl) subjects. This study provided evidence that spirulina could be used as dietary supplementation in nutritionally vulnerable groups to improve nutritional and health status and to prevent chronic disease such as hyperlipidemia or oxidation-prone diseases. further studies in this area with various population groups are warranted.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Clinical Trial ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Plasma ; Population Groups ; Reference Values ; Spirulina* ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Triglycerides