For the purpose of estimating the maximum absorption of riboflavin and thiamine from the intestine, large test doses of riboflavin and thiamine were administered orally to apparently normal male subjects, receiving normal Korean diets, and their maximum absorption were estimated by determining the excretion in urine. The maximum absorption of riboflavin and thiamine were estimated 10.700 and 3.800 mg. respectively.
Human ; Intestinal Absorption* ; Male ; Riboflavin/metabolism* ; Thiamine/metabolism*

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency is mostly due to mutations in the X-linked E1alpha subunit gene (PDHA1). Some of the patients with PDHC deficiency showed clinical improvements with thiamine treatment. We report the results of biochemical and molecular analysis in a female patient with lactic acidemia. The PDHC activity was assayed at different concentrations of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The PDHC activity showed null activity at low TPP concentration (1 x 10(-3) mM), but significantly increased at a high TPP concentration (1 mM). Sequencing analysis of PDHA1 gene of the patient revealed a substitution of cysteine for tyrosine at position 161 (Y161C). Thiamine treatment resulted in reduction of the patient's serum lactate concentration and dramatic clinical improvement. Biochemical, molecular, and clinical data suggest that this patient has a thiamine-responsive PDHC deficiency due to a novel mutation, Y161C. Therefore, to detect the thiamine responsiveness it is necessary to measure activities of PDHC not only at high but also at low concentration of TPP.
Thiamine Pyrophosphate/metabolism ; Thiamine/*therapeutic use ; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease/drug therapy/*genetics ; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/*genetics ; *Point Mutation ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Female ; Cells, Cultured

Werniche's encephalopathy is clinically characterized by the acute onset of global confusion, ataxia, gaze paresis, and nystagmus. It result from a deficiency in thiamine, an essential coenzyme in intermediate carbohydrate metabolism. The prompt use of thiamine prevents progression of the disease and reverses those lesions that have not yet progressed to the point of fixed structural change. We experienced a case of Wemiches encephalopathy associated with hyperemesis gravidarum, which happens to the patient who are injected only dextrose without thiamine. Therefore, we emphasize the need of thiamine replacement in hyperemesis gravidarum.
Ataxia ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum ; Paresis ; Pregnancy ; Thiamine

This study compared activity factor, predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR), and nutrient intakes between athletic and non-athletic high school students in Gangwon-do. Fifty soccer players (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 16.7+/-1.0 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years, respectively) and 50 non-athletic (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 17.5+/-0.4 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years respectively) high school students were included. Anthropometric measurements included: weight and height, triceps skinfold, mid-arm circumference, and body fat. Prediction equations consisted of those from the Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU, IMNA, Cunningham, Mifflin et al., and Owen et al. A one-day activity diary was collected by interview, and the 24-hour recall method was used to analyze nutrient intakes of subjects. The activity factors of the male and female athletic groups (2.23 and 2.16, respectively) were significantly higher than those (1.52 and 1.46, respectively) of the non-athletic group. There was only a significant difference in RMR by use of the Cunningham's equation between two groups. For the males, almost all nutrient intakes of the athletic group (except carbohydrate, iron, vitamin B1, B6, and niacin) of athletic group were significantly higher than those of the non-athletic group. The female athletic group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes with the exception of most vitamins. These results suggest that assessments of energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure by employing RMR and activity factors would be useful to prevent and treat obesity in high school athletes. In addition, the Cunningham's equation would be appropriate for predicting their energy needs.
Adipose Tissue ; Athletes ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; Male ; Obesity ; Soccer ; Sports ; Thiamine ; Vitamins

This study compared activity factor, predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR), and nutrient intakes between athletic and non-athletic high school students in Gangwon-do. Fifty soccer players (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 16.7+/-1.0 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years, respectively) and 50 non-athletic (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 17.5+/-0.4 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years respectively) high school students were included. Anthropometric measurements included: weight and height, triceps skinfold, mid-arm circumference, and body fat. Prediction equations consisted of those from the Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU, IMNA, Cunningham, Mifflin et al., and Owen et al. A one-day activity diary was collected by interview, and the 24-hour recall method was used to analyze nutrient intakes of subjects. The activity factors of the male and female athletic groups (2.23 and 2.16, respectively) were significantly higher than those (1.52 and 1.46, respectively) of the non-athletic group. There was only a significant difference in RMR by use of the Cunningham's equation between two groups. For the males, almost all nutrient intakes of the athletic group (except carbohydrate, iron, vitamin B1, B6, and niacin) of athletic group were significantly higher than those of the non-athletic group. The female athletic group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes with the exception of most vitamins. These results suggest that assessments of energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure by employing RMR and activity factors would be useful to prevent and treat obesity in high school athletes. In addition, the Cunningham's equation would be appropriate for predicting their energy needs.
Adipose Tissue ; Athletes ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; Male ; Obesity ; Soccer ; Sports ; Thiamine ; Vitamins

The paper examines the effect of physical exercise on blood lipid with young male students. Our analysis is based on the body measurement, food intake and blood lipid component for 70 male students of Kongju National University who either major in physical exercise (group A) or do not major in physical exercise (group B). The average weight of group A is 71.97 +/- 10.79 kg while that of group B is 67.57 +/- 8.66 kg. The former is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the latter. The SBP of group A (128.20 +/- 11.40 mmHg) is significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of group B (136.27 +/- 13.18 mmHg). In terms of the intake of total kcal, group A marks significantly higher than group B; group A goes with 2190.26 +/- 581.96 kcal and group B goes with 2392.94 +/- 769.03 kcal. The comparative analysis of the three nutrient intake shows that the intake proportions for group A are carbohydrate 55.08 +/- 6.03%, protein 15.58 +/- 2.75%, and lipid 29.34 +/- 5.16% while the intake proportions for group B are carbohydrate 57.29 +/- 8.09%, protein 15.62 +/- 3.26%, and lipid 27.10 +/- 6.90%. For group A, the vitamin B1 intake amounts to 1.50 +/- 0.5 mg which fulfills 100% of RDA, and the niacin intake amounts to 16.57 +/- 5.54 mgN.E which is less than RDA. In contrast, both intakes for group B are more than the RDA. In the case with minerals except calcium, both group A and B mark more intake than RDA. Group A's calcium intake is 517.12 +/- 200.63 mg and group B's is 409.56 mg. The total cholesterol intake for group A is 447.00 +/- 245.08 mg which is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for group B with 352.35 +/- 200.25 mg. The total cholesterol in the lipid of serum is 151.30 +/- 12.92 mg/dl for group A and 182.30 mg/dl for group B, where the dominance of group B over group A is true at the level of significance 0.01. In the case with triglyceride, group A is 107.57 +/- 31.60 mg/dl and group B is 108.07 +/- 33.93 mg/dl so that the group difference is non-significant. The HDLcholesterol for group A is 54.67 +/- 6.49 mg/dl which is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for group B with 36.13 +/- 4.64 mg/dl. We conclude that regular exercise may have an effect on blood lipid metabolism among young males.
Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Eating ; Exercise ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male* ; Minerals ; Niacin ; Physical Education and Training* ; Thiamine ; Triglycerides

OBJECTIVETo explore the improvement effect of vitamins B1, B2, PP supplementation to the metabolism changes of carbohydrates, lipids, protein and energy in mice exposed to acute hypoxia.

METHODSFifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal, acute hypoxia, acute hypoxia plus 2 times, 4 times and 8 times vitamins B1, B2, PP supplemented groups. All mice were fed corresponding diets for two weeks and then except the normal group were exposed to a simulated altitude of 6 000 meters for 8 hours. The changes of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from serum, liver glycogen and blood adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration were measured.

RESULTSAfter being exposed to acute hypoxia, the mice glucose, liver glycogen, pyruvate, lactate, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid and urea nitrogen level were increased significantly (P < 0.05), while blood ATP concentration was decreased. In the vitamins B1, B2 and PP supplemented groups, these changes were improved.

CONCLUSIONThe significant changes in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism were observed in mice exposed to acute hypoxia, and the supplementation of vitamins B1, B2 and PP was proved to be beneficial in improving some metabolic pathways. It is suggested that the supplemented dose of four times was good.

Animals ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Hypoxia ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Niacinamide ; administration & dosage ; Proteins ; metabolism ; Riboflavin ; administration & dosage ; Thiamine ; administration & dosage ; Vitamin B Complex ; administration & dosage

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the foods intake as well as nutrients intake, 2) the nutritional knowledge, and 3) the relations between the foods and nutrients intakes and nutritional knowledge in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts (RGs). The results are summarized as follows. Average daily intakes of energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and niacin were in 45 - 74% of the RDAs for Koreans. Average daily energy intake was only about 50% of energy expenditure by physical activities. Average daily intakes of each food group were generally lower, but intakes of breads and confectionaries, sugar and sweets, milks and dairy products, and instant foods were higher in the RGs compared to the nonathletic students of the same age from the National Health and Nutrition Suvey. The contribution of empty-calorie foods such as breads and confectionaries, beverage and instant foods to the major energy nutrients were high. Mean of total nutritional knowledge score of RGs was 28.4 of total score 50. In categorical score of nutritional knowledge, the RGs make a best score on food sources and they get the lowest marks for food exchange. Among the nutrients, intakes of crude fiber, animal Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B1, niacin and vitamin C and, among the food groups, intakes of mushrooms, fruits and meats had relations with one of the total or categorical nutritional knowledge scores in the RGs. In conclusion, nutritional status of adolescent RGs was poor due to their unbalanced diet composed of empty-calorie foods, and their undesirable food intake pattern was supposed to be related to the low nutritional knowledge score of them. These results indicate that the RGs should be given more nutritional knowledge to improve their nutritional status and the exercise performance.
Adolescent* ; Agaricales ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Beverages ; Bread ; Calcium ; Carotenoids ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Fruit ; Humans ; Iron ; Meat ; Milk ; Motor Activity ; Niacin ; Nutritional Status ; Riboflavin ; Thiamine ; Vitamin A

The metabolic effect of Fo-Shou-San on blood deficiency mice was studied by using metabolomic method. UPLC-QTOF/MS was used to analyze the plasma metabolome in blood deficiency mice. MS data were processed by MarkerLynx software. With multivariate statistical analysis of plasma metabolite profiles, a clear separation among control, blood deficiency model, and Fo-Shou-San groups was achieved. Potential biomarkers were selected according to the parameters of variable importance in the projection (VIP) and identified according to MS information and database retrieval. The metabolic network of blood deficiency was predicted via MetPA database. Twenty-two potential biomarkers were identified and used to explain the thiamine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, histidine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). Those metabolic pathways were disturbed in blood deficiency mice, but which could be regulated nearly to normal state after Fo-Shou-San administration. In this study, the metabolomics of blood deficiency mice and the action mechanism of nourishing blood effect of Fo-Shou-San were evaluated. The physiological and metabolic state of the organism could be represented comprehensively by using metabolomics. And metabolomics can be used to evaluate the pharmacodynamics and related mechanisms of Chinese medicine and formulae.
Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; metabolism ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Blood Coagulation Disorders ; blood ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; drug effects ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Plasma ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Sphingolipids ; metabolism ; Thiamine ; metabolism

This review summarizes the recent developments on the regulation of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) by site-specific phosphorylation by four kinases. Mutagenic analysis of the three phosphorylation sites of human pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) showed the site-independent mechanism of phosphorylation as well as site-independent dephosphorylation of the three phosphorylation sites and the importance of each phosphorylation site for the inactivation of E1. Both the negative charge and size of the group introduced at site 1 were involved in human E1 inactivation. Mechanism of inactivation of E1 was suggested to be site-specific. Phosphorylation of site 1 affected E1 interaction with the lipoyl domain of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, whereas phosphorylation site 3 appeared to be closer to the thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-binding region affecting coenzyme interaction with human E1. Four isoenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) showed different specificity for the three phosphorylation sites of E1. All four PDKs phosphorylated sites 1 and 2 in PDC with different rates, and only PDK1 phosphorylated site 3. PDK2 was maximally stimulated by the reduction/acetylation of the lipoyl groups of E2. Presence of the multiple phosphorylation sites and isoenzymes of PDK is important for the tissue-specific regulation of PDC under different physiological conditions.
Acetylation ; Binding Sites ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Human ; Isoenzymes/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/metabolism ; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Thiamine Pyrophosphate/metabolism