BACKGROUND: There is no effective treatment modality for caustic agent ingestion. Dilution and neutralization are prohibited because of the risk of secondary thermal injury. This experiment is designed to evaluate the amount of dilution and neutralization heat and to gauge the applicability of dilution and neutralization therapy using cold solutions to suppress the peak temperature. METHODS: This is an in-vitro chemical experiment. HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and NH4OH are selected as representatives of strong and weak acids and strong and weak alkali, respectively. 20degrees C, 11.6M, 5.8M, and 2.9M solutions of each acid and alkali are made and mixed using a magnetic stirrer at a room air temperature of 28degrees C. The peak temperature, the duration above 40degrees C, and the heat amount are measured or calculated. RESULTS: When a 11.6M HCl or NaOH solution is diluted with same amount of water, 32 or 18cal. per mL of HCl or NaOH is produced, respectively. HCl produces a significant peak temperature, but NaOH does not. The lower the concentration, the lower the amount of heat production. 11.6M CH3COOH and NH4OH solutions don't produce dilution heat. 11.6M and 5.8M solutions of all acids and alkali produce destructive neutralization heat. However, 2.9M solutions produce neutralization heat which might be controllable. When a 11.6M HCl or NaOH solution is neutralized with a -10degrees C 2.9 M NaOH or HCl solution, respectively, the peak temperature produced is below 40degrees C and seems to add little thermal damage to viable tissue. CONCLUSION: Dilution and neutralization with a cold solution in cases of strong acid or alkali ingestion is a promising method to avoid thermal injury.
Alkalies* ; Eating* ; Hot Temperature ; Thermogenesis ; Water

PURPOSE: The present study was performed to determine the optimum conditions(RPM, load, sharpness of drill) for drilling human cortical bone with standard drill, and to evaluate the histological changes occuring in bone after drilling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: in experiment I, we measured temperature elevations and the durations of temperature elevation in cadaveric femoral cortices at specific distances from the drill hole wall while drilling. The effects of drilling force, speed and new versus worn drill on the termperature were determined. In experiment II, we also measured temperature elevations in the same manner in porcine femoral cortices and evaluated the histological changes occuring in bone after drilling. RESULTS: In experiment I, the most significant temperature elevation(68.4degrees C ) was found when worn drill was used. The lower drilling force and faster speed resulted in 55.1degrees C and 45.8degrees C temperature elevation, respectively. However, drill diameter was not a significant factor for temperature elevation. In experiment II, greater heat production was measured with worn drill, at lower drilling forces, at faster drill speed. The acute histologic reactions in bone were hyperemia, degeneration of osteocytes, change in bone stainability, tears, and fragmentation of the bone edges around the drill holes. The observed histological changes were proportional to the amount of trauma produced, that is, the greater the degree of thermal irritation, the greater the degree of histologic activity. CONCLUSION: In cortical drilling, greater heat production was measured with worn drill, at lower drilling forces, at faster drill speed and the greater the degree of thermal irritation, the greater the degree of histologic activity. A further study of the reaction of bone to drilling at longer intervals of time at different conditions may possibly show whether aseptic thermal necrosis could be prevented.
Cadaver ; Hot Temperature* ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Necrosis* ; Osteocytes ; Thermogenesis*

Breast thermography produces a picture of the heat emitted from the surface of the breast. And abnormal temperature over the breast has been suggested as an indicator of malignancy. The mechanisms for the heat production at the area of the skin over the breast are suggested hypermetabolism, hypervascularization, and hyperfusion of the affected regions of the breast. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of breast thermography in breast cancer. One hundred thirty breast cancers and one hundred ten benign breast masses were examined by a digital infrared thermographic system (NEC San-ei, Therm Tracer 6T67) between January 1991 and December 1995. In this study, thermograms were classified as normal (Th-1), equivocal (Th-2), or abnormal (Th-3). Normal thermograms were those with normal symmetric vascularity, equivocal thermograms were those with only heat in the area of mass, and abnormal thermograms were those with heat and increased vascularity in the area of mass. Among the 110 benign breast masses, there were 98 Th-1 cases (89.1%), 2 Th-2 cases (1.8%) and 10 Th-3 cases (9.1%). Among the 130 breast cancers, there were 98 Th-3 cases (75.4%), 20 Th-2 cases (16.2%), and 12 Th-1 cases (9.2%). The sensitivity of the breast thermograms was 90%, the specificity 89.1%, and the diagnostic accuracy 89.6%. A thermal difference(deltaT) of less than 1oC was seen in 10 cases (7.7%) of breast cancer, and a deltaT of more than 1oC was seen in 120 cases (92.3%). Among the latter of a deltaT of more than 3oC was seen in 67 cases(51.4%). The correlation of the breast-cancer tumor size with deltaT was highly significant(p<0.0001). The classification of the thermographic diagnosis was found to be statistically correlated with tumor size (p<0.0001), axillary node status (p<0.001) and nuclear grade (p<0.05), but not with the presence or abscence of estrogen receptor. These results suggest that thermography is useful as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer. And that a deltaT of more than 2oC of on a breast thermogram strongly suqqests a malignancy.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Classification ; Diagnosis* ; Estrogens ; Hot Temperature ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin ; Thermogenesis ; Thermography*

PURPOSE: It is known that heat production in breast cancer is caused by hypermetabolism, hypervascularization and hyperperfusion in the affected regions of the breast. The object of this study is to detect the heat production in breast cancer of Korean women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 240 patients with breast cancer and benign mass were examined by digital infrared thermographic system from January 1991 through December 1995. The heat production was detected when there was a hot spot on clinically palpable breast mass area on the breast thermogram. RESULTS: Of the 240 patients, 130 with breast cancer and 110 with benign mass, as control group. 118 (90.8%) of 130 patients with breast cancer had the heat production, but only 12 (10.9%) of 110 patients with benign mass had the heat production (p<0.0001). The sensitivity of breast thermogram was 90.8% and the specificity was 89.1%. 16 (64%) of 25 breast cancer of which size was smaller than 2 cm had the heat production. But all of 45 breast cancer of which size was larger than 4 cm had the heat production (p<0.0001). 103 (79.2%) of breast cancer had greater than 2degrees C in thermal difference (delta T), and 120 (92.3%) had greater than 1degrees C. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is heat production in breast cancer. And also the heat production in breast cancer could be detected by the breast thermography. We suggest that further studies of mechanism about heat production in breast cancer is necessary.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Female ; Hot Temperature* ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thermogenesis* ; Thermography

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that the optimal temperature at which the cord blood and the peripheral blood stem cells need to be cryopreserved is below -160 degrees C in a nitrogen tank. This study evaluated a domestic cryostorage cord blood processing bag (CBP set) made from poly (ethylene-co-vinylacetate) (EVA) recently produced by the Medi-Rution Company in Korea. METHODS: The domestic cryostorage bags was evaluated using 100 bags from Medi-Rution, which were divided into 3 different groups and compared with 20 bags produced by the Thermogenesis company from the United States as a control. In the first group, the mononuclear cells separated from the human blood sample were divided equally into the cryosolution using DMSO, auto plasma and RPMI media. The blood was preserved in 20 domestic bags and 20 bags produced by the Thermogenesis company. In the second group, the cells were stored in the cryosolution with either auto plasma or fetal bovine serum. In the third group, 20 bags were frozen at -70 degrees C before being stored in the nitrogen tank whereas the other 20 bags were frozen in a controlled refrigerator before being stored in the nitrogen tank at -196 degrees C. The bags containing the peripheral blood cells were stored in the nitrogen tank at vapor phase for a period of one year and evaluated for the rate of breakage during thawing, recovery rates and viability of the cell after thawing. RESULTS: None of the bags evaluated in this study showed any signs of breakage or leakage of the products. All three groups tested showed similar results regardless of where the bags were made, the composition of the cryosolution or the early freezing conditions. CONCLUSION: The CBP set cryostorage bags recently produced by Medi-Rution can be used to preserve blood cells at extremely low temperatures for a one year period without any significant breakage.
Blood Cells ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Fetal Blood ; Freezing ; Humans ; Korea ; Nitrogen ; Plasma ; Stem Cells ; Thermogenesis ; United States

PURPOSE: To compare the results of cataract surgery between continuous mode and WhiteStar mode the latter is known to induce less heat production in the anterior chamber METHODS: The patients were recruited prospectively since May 2003. They were consecutively assigned to the continuous mode group and the WhiteStar mode group according to preoperative lens color grading in order to equally distribute the lens color grading in both groups. Ultrasound time, operating time, and loss of endothelial cells were evaluated. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between lens color and ultrasound time and between lens color and operating time (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups in ultrasound time, operating time or loss of endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: There was no remarkable advantage in cataract surgery using WhiteStar mode compared with using conventional continuous mode.
Anterior Chamber ; Cataract ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Phacoemulsification* ; Prospective Studies ; Thermogenesis ; Ultrasonography

Insulin resistance and diabetes combine to impair mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and cause lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues such as skeletal muscles and the liver. The thyroid hormone stimulates thermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and various metabolisms, including gluconeogenesis and fatty-acid oxidation. Therefore, altered thyroid hormone action may induce the mitochondrial phenotype associated with insulin resistance. This review focuses on the correlation between thyroid hormone function and diabetes and the possible mechanisms associated with intracellular thyroid hormone dysfunction due to impaired metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; Organelle Biogenesis ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Phenotype ; Thermogenesis ; Thyroid Gland

BACKGROUND: It is well known that administration of nutrients, especially protein and amino acids mixtures, stimulates energy expenditure in the unanesthetized patients. Also, there were reports that the mechanisms for nutrient-induced thermogenesis are not impaired during general anaesthesia. The enhanced amino acid-induced thermogenesis would counteract the anaesthesia-induced reduction in metabolism and prevent the development of hypothermia. The present study was designed to see if completing the amino acid infusion before induction of anaesthesia would induce heat production, which would promote energy expenditure and thereby counteract the development of anaesthesia-induced hypothermia. METHODS: Body temperatures and arterial blood gases were measured in 48 patients during perioperative period. 24 patients had an amino acid mixture of 227 cal infused over 2 hours before anesthesia and 24 control patients received Hartman's solution. RESULTS: Amino acid infusion attenuated the development of hypothermia during the period from 60 min to 105 min after induction of anaesthesia compared to control group, however, did not prevent overall hypothermia throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: This result may indicate amino acid infusion before anesthesia can be an adjuvant to prevent intraoperative hypothermia.
Amino Acids ; Anesthesia ; Body Temperature ; Energy Metabolism ; Gases ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Metabolism ; Perioperative Period ; Thermogenesis

PURPOSE: To report the results of 15 endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR) cases using ultrasonic bone aspirator (UBA) and evaluate the UBA efficiency in these surgeries. METHODS: Fifteen eyes of 12 patients presenting with nasolacrimal duct obstruction were evaluated in the present study. eDCR and osteotomy were performed using UBA (Cusa excel, Integra, New Jersey, NJ, USA) from January 2014 to June 2014. RESULTS: All the patients showed complete resolution of the epiphora. There were no complications or recurrences for a minimum of 10 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on eDCR using UBA. The surgeries were successful and no complications were observed. eDCR using UBA is an easy, safe and effective technique with minimal heat production, minimal damage to the surrounding soft tissue and quick and precise bone removal.
Dacryocystorhinostomy* ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; New Jersey ; Osteotomy ; Recurrence ; Thermogenesis ; Ultrasonics*

The achievements of burn metabolism and nutrition in China are briefly presented. Advance a new theory "Enterogenous Hypermetabolism". Develop a formula to calculate calorie needs in Chinese burn adults. Put forward new ideas on glucose absorption, neo glycogenesis, insulin resistance, and the use of hypoglycemic agent after burn injury. Observe the variation of plasma level of free aminoacids, investigate the changes and mechanisms of 26S proteasome and 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of burn trauma, and the clinical application and its mechanism of glutamine and arginine. Introduce the approach of (13)C NMR spectroscopy to investigate the alterations of hepatic anabolism functions in severely burned rats. Offer supplying the suitable dosage of vitamin A, C, E and microelement of zinc, copper, ferrum for burn patients. Carry out serial studies of early enteral and parenteral nutrition, and compare enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition. Early enteral nutrition with synbiotics might be beneficial to the controlling of burn infection. Both glucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) exhibit protective effect on intestinal mucosa in minimizing injury and protecting barrier function. The choice of suitable opportunity to use rhGH (growth hormone) is investigated. In addition, advance the view points of ischemia and anoxia in metabolism, anti-inflammatory immune and nutrition.
Adult ; Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; therapy ; Humans ; Nutritional Support ; Proteins ; metabolism ; Rats ; Thermogenesis