ObjectiveTo observe the effect of thiopental on T lymphocyte subsets in mice. MethodsT lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytorneter and monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence technic. ResaltsThe CD4 T cell and the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased after thiopental anaesthesia in mice. At the same time the whole amount of white blood cells has no statistical significant difference between test group and control group. ConclusionThiopental anaesthesia inhibits immune function.

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in epidurally-anesthetized patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy with 15° head-down position and low insufflation pressure. MethodsTwenty gynecological patients(ASA grade I- Ⅱ )were studied during CO2 insufflation with an intra-abdominal pressure of 1012mmHg and 15° head-down position. Arterial blood samples were obtained for the measurements of serum concentrations of plasma renin activity(PRA), angiotensin Ⅱ (All), aldosterone(ALD) and β2-microglobulin(β2-MG)by radioimmunoassay at the following five time points: before insufflation, at 10min, 30min and 60 min after insufflation respectively and after desufflation. Arterial blood gas analysis was made in 10 of the cases simultaneously. ResultsCompared with preinsufflation, there was no significant decrease in the plasma levels of PRA, All ,ALD and β2-MG during CO2 pneumoperitoneum except for PRA at 10 min after insufflation(P ＜0.05). As the time of insufflation went on, the measurements above showed a tendency of slightly increase. The PaCO2 during peritoneal CO2 insufflation was increeseing ( P ＞ 0.05) and reached its maximum at 30 min after insufflation. The pH values of 30～60 min after insufflation were significantly decreased as compared with that of before insufflation. ConclusionThe epidural anesthesia may inhibit the response of RAAS to (CO2 insufflation pressure of 10-12mmHg and has no effect on GFR during gynecological laParoscopy.

Objective To study the relationship of implicit memory and amnesia effect of oral midazolarn premedication and toobserve its anterograde amnesia, the effect on short-term memory and the onset time and out come of retrograde amnesia. Methods60 patients with ASA I - Ⅱ status undergoing abdomen and limb operations were divided into 3 groups with 20 cases each. Group A:oral midazolam 7.5mg;Group B:oral 15mg;Group C:placebo. The patients received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia after oral midazolam. The parameterns of EEG, SEF 95 %, BISwere collected at the same time and the degree and remark of sedation were dome according to OAA/S. The amnesia and implicit memory were investigated with pictures and muddy identified hearing rate 6 hours after operation. Results (1)Twenty min following drug ad dministration the remarks of sedation of group A and B were significantly loWver than that before and that of group C, Which was not significently different between group A and B. ( 2)The amnesia rates tested six hrs after surgery were significantly higher at 30min in group A, 20min in group B than those before treatment and were kept at 70%-80% levels, which in group C was remained zero. (3)The muddy identified hearing rate was not different significantly, among the three groups. (4) The short-term memory was all 100%during the period of drug action. (5)BIS and SEF 95% Were lower 30min after the treatment and all kept at 80 Hz and 20 Hz, which were not different remarkably between group A and B. ConclnsionOral midazolam 7. 5mg has a good effect on anterograde amnesia 30min after treatment, which may not be improved with increament in dosage. It does not lead to retrograde amnesia. The long-term memory, but not short-term memory, was impaired by midazolam. It only affects the explicit memory. Oral premnedication with midazolam can not prevent the awareness during operation totally.

Objective:To study the effects of panax pseudo-ginseng on the liver in rabbits suffered from SMAO shock.Methods:20 rabbits were divided randomly into control group and treatment group. SMAO (superior mesenteric artery occlusion)shock model was made by occluding the superior mesenteric artery for 1 hour. In treatment group, 200 mg/kg of panax pseudo-ginseng diluted in normal saline was given intravenously. In control group, the same volume of normal saline without drug was given intravenously. Mean blood pressures and 4-hour survival rates were monitored during the study. Biopsies from the left lobe of the liver were taken from all animals at the end of the study for microstructure study using electro-microscope.Results:Compared to control group, animals in the treatment group had a significant prolonged survival time and improved mean blood pressures. Impairment of hepatocytes in treatment group was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Panax pseudo-ginseng has benefit effects on the liver. This plays an important role in prolonging the survival time of the rabbits with SMAO shock.

Objective:To observe whether the in-flow anesthetic gas absorber can reduce the recovery time after stopping inhalation of enflurane or isoflurane. Methods: In fixed tidal volume, minute volume and fresh gas flow, the recovery time of isoflurane or enflurane anesthesia with or without in-flow anesthetic gas absorber were compared after closing the vaporizer.Results: With in-flow anesthetic gas absorber, the time for anesthetic gas concentration in circle to reduce the MAC to 0.3was 3.3±0.5 min for isoflurane, which was significntly shorter than that without absorber (20±0.3min) ( P＜0.01 ) and the time for enflurane was 3.5±0.5min and 25±0.1min respectively. Conclusion:Anesthetic gas absorber can reduce the recovery time of either enflurane or isoflurane inhalational anesthesia significantly.

Objective:To observe the change of endogenous erythropoietin(EPO) in patients undergoing elective major surgeries and the impact of recombinant human erythropoietin(rhEPO) on blood viscosity of animalsunder normal physiologic al conditions. In addition, the effect of rhEPO on postoperative anemia in cardiac surgery patients was evaluated. Methods:Ten patients scheduled for elective major procedures were studied. Included criteria were no preoperative anemia, moderate intraoperative blood loss and no postoperative transfusion. Serum EPO levers were measured prior to operation, immediately after the operation, as well as on postoperative days(PODs) 1, 2, 4, 6, 8. The change of Hct was measured too. (EPO group) Six adult rabbits received 300IU/kg of rhEPO weekly for two weeks. Specimens of Hb, Hct, RBC, serum ALT, serum potassium and blood viscosity were obtained before, during and after administration of rhEPO. Six patients with postoperative anemia (Hb＜100g/L) who underwent cardiac surgeries received 300IU/kg of rhEPO weekly for two weeks. The changes of Hb,Hct were compared(rhEpO group). Results: In EPO group serum EPO concentration increased immediately after the operation, reached a peak level during 24-48h postoperatively and remained significantly elevated above the operative value until POD 8. Hct significantly declined after the operation and was still significantly lower than the preoperative value on POD 8.On the 12th day after applying rhEPO, Hb, Hct and RBC of the rabbits were increased significantly, (P＜0.01 ) but serum ALT, potassium and blood viscosity did not changed significantly. In rhEPO group, Hb, Hct increased significantly on the 14 days after applying rhEPO. Conclusion: It is effective and safe to treat postoperative anemia with a high dose of rhEPO in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. The administration of rhEPO corrects postoperative anemia quickly, then precludes many complications related to decrease oxygen delivery capacity.

Objective: To investigate the appropriateness of desflurane anesthesia used in patients undergoing intracranial operations. Methods: Sixteen patients were scheduled for removal of supratentorial mass. A radial artery catheter and a subarachanoid catheter were placed respectively prior to induetion of anesthesia. MAP, cerebrospinal pressure (CSFP), PETCO2 and HR were monitored. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolan, fentanyl, propofol and vecuronium. After endotracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained by desfurane inhalation in a concentration of 6 % (1MAC) throughout the operation. MAP, CSFP and PETCO2 were recorded before and during induction, at 20min, 30min, 40min and 50min during desflurane inhalation. Results: Compared with the baseline data recorded before anesthesia, CSFP and MAP were decreased significantly during induction. The CSFP tended to increase at 20 min after inhalation of 6 % desflurane, but remained below the baseline till 50min. MAP was decreased following inhalation of 6 % desflurane and kept relatively stable thereafter. No significnt change in HR was noted. Conclusion:Under the condition of PETCO2 28-30mmHg, 1MAC desflurane anesthesia can be used safely without any increase in ICP in patients undergoing intracranial operations.

Objective: To evaluate the preventive effect of ephedrine on hypotension under spinal anesthesia in patients with different age. Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to four groups with 15 each. Group Ⅰ and Ⅱ were adult patients aged from 25 to 55 years old and group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were geratic aged patients of 6575 years old. Every patient received a fluid loading of 7ml/kg before spinal anesthesia. The ephedrine was administrated to group Ⅱ and IV patients in a dose of 10mg i v and 30 mg i m and same amount of normal saline was administrated to group Ⅰ and Ⅲ as soon as spinal anesthesia was performed. Results:Thirty patients in the placebo groups developed a maximal decrease in MAP exceeding 20%. Ten of these (2 in group Ⅰ and 8 in group Ⅲ ) developed a decrease in MAP exceeding 35% and required treatment. In aged groups, all patients in group Ⅲ had a decrease in MAP exceeding 20 %, 53 % of whom, the decrease exceeded 35 %. Conclusion:Prophylactic use of ephedrine is effective in the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia, especially in aged patients.

Objective: To investigate the effects of endotoxin stimulation on the expression of orphan opioid receptor (ORL-1) gene in peripheral blood lymphocyte in vivo. Methods: Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes, which have been incubated with variable lipopolysaccharide concentrations(0, 0.1, 10,100ng/ml) for different periods of time(0, 3, 6, 12, 24h). The level of mRNA was measured with the method of semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) using GAPDH as an internal standard. The specificity of the amplified DNA fragments was verified by Southern blot. Results: The level of ORL- 1 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocyte was 1.060±0. 390 under the basal condition. An endotoxin dose-and time-dependent inhibition of ex vivo ORL-1 gene expression in lymphocyte was observed. A significant descrease of the ORL-1 mRNA was detected in lymphocyte at 3 hrs with the stimulation of 100ng/ml of endotoxin, at 6 hrs with the stimulation of 10ng/ml of endotoxin, at 12 hrs with the stimulation of 0.1ng/ml of endotoxin.No significant change of ORL-1 mRNA level was found without the stimulation of endotoxin. Conclusions: Endotoxin inhibits the expression of ORL-1 gene in normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte. The level of ORL-1 mRNA is related to the functional state of lymphocyte. Nociceptin(OFQ) may have an important immunological function.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Shen-Mai injection(SM) on perfusion and oxygenation of intestinaltract during repeffusion in shocked rabbits. Methods:Twenty-one rabbits were divided into control group (Ⅰ,n = 6), shock-repeffusion group ( Ⅱ, n = 9) and SM group ( Ⅲ, n = 6). Intestinal intramucosal pH (pHi) of the sigrnoid colon and portalvein blood gas was observed before shock, at 1 hour after shock, 1 hour and 2 hours of reperfusion. Results: pHi and portal vein pH in group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in group Ⅰ (P < 0.01), but portal vein increased obviously during reperfusion. There was a good linear positive correlation between pHi and portal vein pH. Portal vein in group Ⅱ was greater than that in group Ⅰ and had anegative correlation with pHi. pHi and portal vein pH of group Ⅲ increased signifi- cantly compared with those of goup Ⅱ ( P < 0.05), while of group Ⅲ returned to the level of group Ⅰ . MAP and CO of group m were higher than those of group Ⅱ after 1 hour or 2 hours reperfusion (P<0.05).CO of group m remained at a high level during reperfusion. But SVR of group Ⅲ was lower than that of group Ⅱ during reperfusion. Conclusion: SM im-proves perfusion and oxygenation of intestinal tract during reperfusion.