OBJECTIVES: To study the expression levels of microRNA-138 (miR-138) and Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) in peripheral blood of children with cough variant asthma (CVA) and their regulatory effects on Th1/Th2 balance. METHODS: Sixty-five children with CVA (CVA group) and 30 healthy children (control group) were enrolled. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected for both groups, and CD4 RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the CVA group showed significantly decreased levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 from CD4 CONCLUSIONS MiR-138 regulates Th1/Th2 balance by targeting RUNX3 in children with CVA, providing a new direction for the treatment of CVA.
Asthma ; Child ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics* ; Cough ; Humans ; Interleukin-13 ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Th1 Cells ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells

OBJECTIVETo explore the correlation between the pathogenesis of psoriasis patients of blood heat syndrome (BHS) and blood stasis syndrome (BSS) and peripheral blood Th1/Th2 cells axis drift, and to observe different expressions of peripheral blood Th1/Th2 cells between healthy subjects and psoriasis patients of BHS and BSS.

METHODSThere were 15 patients in the BHS group and 15 in the BSS group. There were 16 patients in the healthy control group. The expressions of CD4+ gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by flow cytometry (FACS). The Th1 main cytokines such as IFN-gamma and Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 in the serum of psoriasis patients of different syndromes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI) were conducted.

RESULTSFACS results showed that the expression level of CD4+ IFN-gamma+ in the PBMCs was significantly higher in the BHS group than in the BSS group and the healthy control group (P < 0.05). Besides, it was positively correlated with the PASI (P < 0.05). ELISA results showed that the peripheral serum level of IFN-gamma was significantly higher in the BHS group than in the BSS group and the healthy control group (P < 0.05). The plasma level of IFN-gamma was positively correlated with the PASI score in the BHS group (P < 0.05). The plasma level of IFN-gamma was negatively correlated with the PASI score in the BSS group (P < 0.05). The peripheral serum level of IL-4 was significantly lower in the BHS group than in the BSS group and the healthy control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPeripheral Th1 cells had dominant state in psoriasis patients of BHS. When psoriasis patients of BHS were transformed to BSS or to the normal level, the expression of peripheral blood Th1 cells decreased.

Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Psoriasis ; blood ; diagnosis ; Th1 Cells ; metabolism ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells ; metabolism ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between the Th1/Th2 balance in the peripheral blood and Pi-Wei damp-heat syndrome (PDS) in chronic gastritis (CG).

METHODSFifty-one patients with CG of PDS were recruited, including 22 cases with predominant damp (PDS-D), 9 case with predominant heat (PDS-H), and 20 case with simultaneous onset of damp and Heat (PDS-DH). Besides, 10 healthy volunteers were recruited as the healthy control group. H. pylori (HP) infection was detected by fast urea enzyme, and the expressions of Th1 type cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Th2 type cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum were detected by luminex technology.

RESULTSThe HP infection rate was 41.18% (21/51) in the PDS patients, obviously higher than that in the healthy control group (10.00%,1/10), showing statistical difference (P<0.05). The HP infection rate was 45.45% (10/22) in PDS-D, 22.22% (2/9) in PDS-H, and 45.00% (9/20) in PDS-DH. The HP infection rate in PDS-D and PDS-DH was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group, showing statistical difference (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the expressions of peripheral blood IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10 between the PDS patient group and the healthy control group (P>0.05). But the expressions of IFN-gamma and IL-12 showed an increasing trend in the PDS patient group, while the expression of IL-4 showed a decreasing trend. The expressions of IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-4, and the ratios of IFN-gamma/IL-4 and IL-12/IL-4 were also higher in PDS-DH group than in the PDS-D group and the PDS-H group, but with no statistical significance (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe occurrence of Pi-Wei damp-heat CG was possibly correlated with the imbalance of Th1/Th2. Damp and heat pathogen might be important pathogenic factors leading to Th1 type cytokine immunoreaction.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Chronic Disease ; Cytokines ; blood ; Female ; Gastritis ; diagnosis ; immunology ; pathology ; Helicobacter Infections ; diagnosis ; immunology ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Th1 Cells ; immunology ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between Chinese medical syndrome types of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and Th1/Th2.

METHODSTotally 60 BAC patients were syndrome typed as qi and yin deficiency syndrome (QYDS) and qi stagnation and phlegm-blood stasis syndrome (QSPSS), 30 cases in each group. Meanwhile, 30 subjects with benign pulmonary nodules were recruited as the control group. The contents of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-2, and IL-5 were detected using thoracoscopic technique.

RESULTSAs for Th1 (INF-gamma and IL-2), it was ranked from high to low as the control group > the QSPSS group > the QYDS group (P < 0.05). As for Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5), it was ranked from high to low as the QYDS group > the QSPSS group >the control group (P < 0.05). As for Th1/Th2 (INF-gamma/lL-4, IL-2/IL-5), it was ranked from high to low as the control group > the QSPSS group >the QYDS group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSCompared with the tissue of benign nodules, Th1 function in tumor tissue of BAC patients was weaker and Th2 function stronger. Chinese medical syndrome types of BAC had correlation with Th1/Th2. Patients of excess syndrome had stronger immunity with Th1/Th2 shifting left,while those of deficiency syndrome were predispose to humoral immunity with Thl/Th2 shifting right.

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar ; diagnosis ; immunology ; pathology ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; immunology ; pathology ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Th1 Cells ; immunology ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of maternal atopy on cord blood effector T cells and to identify these biologic markers as predictors of atopic dermatitis (AD).

METHODSSeventy mother-infant pairs were recruited in this prospective birth cohort study. Suspected factors for allergy, including maternal allergic history, total serum IgE, and maternal age at birth, were collected. Mother peripheral blood samples and cord blood were obtained and assayed for the percentage of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) producing T cells(Th1 and Th2 respectively) using flow cytometry. Their offspring at the age of 2 years old were evaluated by their dermatologist whether they had AD. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression models and receiver-operating characteristic curve was employed to predict atopic dermatitis.

RESULTSTwenty-one allergic and 49 nonallergic mothers were recruited in this study. During the first two years of life, 15.7% children (n = 11) developed a physician-diagnosed AD (all children were the only child in the family). In group with maternal allergic rhinitis, a significantly increased percentage of Th2 was observed in peripheral blood of mother (7.10[1.18;16.1]% vs. 0.37[0.25;0.72]%, U = 10.0, P < 0.05) and cord blood of newborns (1.02[0.57;1.34]% vs. 0.21[0.15;0.42]%, U = 127.5, P < 0.05), respectively. Maternal atopic history did not affect the percentage of Th1 cells in cord blood (0.69[0.40;1.12]% vs.0.50[0.31;0.66]%, U = 361.0, P > 0.05). Children with reduced Th1/Th2 ratio in cord blood had a higher risk to develop AD (OR = 1.72, P = 0.001) . The model including Th1/Th2, maternal allergy, maternal age at birth and maternal total IgE showed high ability to discriminate children with and without AD. AUC was 0.907 (95% CI: 0.804-1.011, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSElevated IL-4⁺CD4⁺ T cells in cord blood were of relevance with maternal allergic history. Imbalance between Th1 cell and Th2 cell at birth are associated with maternal allergy and promoted subsequent AD development.

Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; immunology ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; cytology ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers ; Prospective Studies ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; blood ; immunology ; Th1 Cells ; cytology ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells ; cytology

The essential effect of vitamin A on immune function occurs through various mechanisms including direct effect on Th1-Th2 balance modulation. However, it is unclear whether or not vitamin A can regulate Th1-Th2 balance under a strong Th1-polarizing condition. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine the effect of vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on Th1-Th2 differentiation in CD4+ T cells under GATA-3 deficiency, which can induce Th1-polarizing condition. In the present study, GATA-3 deficiency T cells were induced by siRNA and checked by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. GATA-3 deficiency CD4+ T cells and normal CD4+ T were treated for 48 h with or without ATRA. The expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines were detected by qPCR and ELISA. The results would contribute to clarify the knowledge of the role of vitamin A in regulating Th1-Th2 balance under some special conditions, and help to explain the mechanism of immune regulatory function of vitamin A.
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; deficiency ; Humans ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; drug effects ; Tretinoin ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic vasculitis of which pathogenesis suspected is caused by immune dysregulation. The goal of this study is to evaluate the activation pattern of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and T helper cell type 2 (Th2) in patients with Kawasaki disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Prospective study of 60 patients (male 36, female 24) with diagnosis of Kawasaki disease were enrolled. One hundred and eighty blood samples from these patients were collected according to the different clinical stages {before initial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 5 days after initial IVIG, 2 months after initial IVIG}. The plasma level of Th1 cytokines; interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) & interleukin (IL)-2 and Th2 cytokines; IL-4 & IL-10 were measured by enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In all patients, the plasma level of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were markedly elevated during the acute stage of Kawasaki disease. Since then, the plasma level of all these cytokines decreased significantly along with the process of clinical stages. Regardless of the existence of coronary artery lesion or no response to initial IVIG treatment, there were no significant differences between them. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that both Th1 and Th2 cells may be activated simultaneously during the acute stage of Kawasaki disease. Further studies are therefore required to establish the difference of activation pattern of T helper cells between Kawasaki disease and other inflammatory diseases.
Coronary Vessels ; Cytokines ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukins ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Plasma ; Prospective Studies ; Systemic Vasculitis ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells

OBJECTIVETo study the immunoregulatory effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg) on peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs).

METHODSPBMCs were isolated from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB; both HBeAg- and HBeAg+) and healthy controls, and cultured with recombinant HBeAg. The HBeAg-induced changes in expression of PD-1/PD-L1 were measured by flow cytometry of the cells and in secreted cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the supernatants. Comparisons between two groups were made by the independent-samples t-test; the relationship between PD-1/B7-H1 level and HBV DNA copy number was evaluated by Spearman's correlation analysis.

RESULTSExposure to HBeAg led to a significant decrease in CD3+CD4+ T lymphocyte-specific expression of IFNa for both the CHB patients' and healthy controls' samples (t = 2.382 and -4.190 respectively, P less than 0.01). For the HBeAg- CHB patients' and healthy controls' samples, the HBeAg exposure led to increased levels of secreted cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNFa (t = 2.504, 3.583 and 4.324, P less than 0.01 and t = 3.542, 6.246 and 5.273, P less than 0.01 respectively) and of CD14+ PBMC-specific expression of PD-L1 (t = 4.815 and 3.454, P less than 0.05 respectively). Compared to the HBeAg-negative CHB patients' and healthy controls' samples, the HBeAg+ CHB patients' samples had significantly lower CD3+CD4+ T cell-specific expression of IFNa (t = -3.177 and -4.541, P less than 0.01 respectively), but significantly higher levels of secreted IL-4 (t = 3.382 and 4.393, P less than 0.01 respectively), of CD3+ T cells-specific expression of PD-1/PD-L1 (t = 4.755, 2.942 and 4.518, 4.595, P less than 0.01 respectively), and of CD14+ T cells-specific expression of PD-L1 (t = 5.092 and 5.473, P less than 0.01 respectively). The CD3+ T cells-specific expression of PD-L1 was significantly higher in the samples from HBeAg- CHB patients than from the healthy controls (t = 3.214, P less than 0.01).

CONCLUSIONHBeAg was able to down-regulate the production of Th1-type cytokines (IFNgamma), and up-regulate the secretion of Th2-type cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1on monocytes. These changes are conducive to the formation of immune tolerance to HBV. Therefore, HBeAg may play an important role in immune tolerance to chronic HBV infection.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; immunology ; Interleukin-10 ; immunology ; Interleukin-6 ; immunology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; immunology ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; Th1 Cells ; immunology ; Th1-Th2 Balance ; Th2 Cells ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo study the regulatory effect of fengshiqing (FSQ) on interleukin 4 (IL-4), gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and collagen type II antibody (C II Ab) in serum and supernatant of synovial cell culture of rat with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to explore the mechanism of action of clearing-heat and activating blood method for treatment of RA.

METHODSRA rat model was induced by C II Ab combined with Freund's complete adjuvant, and the levels of IL-4, gamma-IFN, MIP-1alpha and C II Ab in serum and supernatant of synovial cell were detected by ELISA.

RESULTSAs compared with the normal group, serum level of C II Ab in the model group was significantly higher (P < 0.01), serum and supernatant contents of IL-4 on the 14th and 28th day of modeling were lower and those of gamma-IFN and MIP-1alpha were higher, the difference showed statistical significance (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). After being treated with FSQ and IL-4 contents in serum and supernatant as well as MIP-1alpha in supernatant restored on the 14th day (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while all the indexes restored on the 28th day.

CONCLUSIONFSQ could evidently up-regulate the level of IL-4 and down-regulate that of MIP-1alpha in serum and local synovial membrane in RA rats, and shows a suppressive trend of gamma-IFN, so as to maintain the Th1/Th2 equilibrium, suppress the cellular and humoral immune response in the local synovial membrane, and alleviate the chronic changes of arthritis, synovitis and vasculitis.

Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; metabolism ; Chemokine CCL3 ; metabolism ; Collagen Type II ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Interferon-gamma ; metabolism ; Interleukin-4 ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Th1-Th2 Balance

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Yangyin Yiqi Huoxue Recipe (YYHR) on expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and immune balance of Th1/Th2 in serum and submaxillary glands of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and to explore its mechanisms.

METHODSTotally 32 NOD mice were randomly into 4 groups, i.e., the model group, the Chinese medicine group [CM, administered with YYHR at the dose of 0.4 mL by gavage (100 g/kg)], the Western medicine group [WM group, administered with hydroxychloroquine 0.4 mL by gavage (60 mg/kg)], and the combined group [administered with YYHR (50 g/kg) and hydroxychloroquine (60 mg/kg) 0.4 mL by gavage], 8 mice in each group. Eight Balb/C mice were recruited as the normal control group. Mice were sacrificed to withdraw blood after 8 weeks. The submaxillary gland was excised. Serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. Protein expression of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in submaxillary glands was detected by SP method.

RESULTSCompared with the normal group, levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in serum and submaxillary glands all increased in the model group (P < 0.05). Levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 in serum in the CM group and the combined group were lower than those of the WM group (P < 0.05). Serum levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 in submaxillary glands in combined group were lower than those of the WM group (P < 0.05). The ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 in serum and submaxillary glands in the model group were higher than that of the rest groups (P < 0.05). Besides, it was the nearest to that of the normal group.

CONCLUSIONSYYHR could decrease the levels of Th1 and Th2 related cytokines and the ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 in serum and submaxillary glands of NOD mice with SS. It could achieve therapeutic effects through adjusting immune balance of Th1/Th2 in SS mice.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukins ; blood ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Serum ; immunology ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; blood ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Submandibular Gland ; immunology ; Th1-Th2 Balance