The goal of this study was to determine how much the formation of tetanus antibody is influenced after a single injection of tetanus vaccine (Td) and the simultaneous injection of tetanus vaccine with tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG). All of the healthy adult volunteers were divided into two groups: group 1 (Td only) and group 2 (Td plus TIG). Two hundred thirty seven volunteers were enrolled. When the baseline antibody titer, gender and age were adjusted, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the tetanus antibody (group 1 vs group 2) was 0.8438 IU/mL vs 0.5684 IU/mL at 4 weeks (P = 0.002), 0.4074 IU/mL vs 0.3217 IU/mL at 6 months (P = 0.072) and 0.3398 IU/mL vs 0.2761 IU/mL at 12 months (P = 0.140) after injection, respectively. The formation of tetanus antibody after tetanus vaccination is not influenced by TIG at the late period and in adults below the age of 50 yr, but there are significant differences between the two groups at the early period of 4 weeks after vaccination and for the patients over 60 yr.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/*administration & dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; Tetanus/immunology/*prevention & control ; Tetanus Toxoid/*administration & dosage/immunology ; Time Factors

In this study, a self-designed powder needleless injection system was compared with subcutaneous injection using a needle and syringe to deliver tetanus toxoid (TT) into mice to elicit immunity. First of all, factors influencing the prepartion of TT into powder by being absorbed on aluminium hydroxide were investigated and the micromeritic characters of Al (OH)3-TT powder were observed with optical microscope and laser particle analyzer. The results showed that salt concentration and absorption time had an enhancive effect on drug loading, but the pH value and temperature did not influence the absorption reaction obviously. The absorption reaction was optimized with sodium chloride concentration of 0.4 mol x L(-1) and lasting for 10 min. The average diameter of Al(OH)3-TT powder prepared with conditions optimized above was (60.6 +/- 4.4) microm. The immunization effect of TT was determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the concentration of IgG antibody elicited by TT. With delivery of Al(OH)3-TT (of 30 microg TT) by powder needleless injection to mice, the IgG antibody concentration were (6.19 +/- 0.52) and (10.70 +/- 0.78) U x L(-1) after immunization of 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, while the values were (4.25 +/- 0.58) and (7.48 +/- 0.57) U x L(-1) by subcutaneous injection (of 20 microg TT) using a needle and syringe. The results suggested that the self-designed powder needleless injection of Al(OH)3-TT was comparable to subcutaneous injection with a good immunity.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; administration & dosage ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; administration & dosage ; Animals ; Drug Compounding ; Female ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Injections, Jet ; Male ; Mice ; Particle Size ; Powders ; Tetanus Toxoid ; administration & dosage ; immunology

The aim of this study is to prepare cationic biodegradable dextran microspheres loaded with tetanus toxoid (TT) and to investigate the mechanism of protein loading. Positively charged microspheres were prepared by polymerization of hydroxylethyl methacrylate derivatized dextran (dex-HEMA) and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in an aqueous two-phase system. The loading of the microspheres with TT was based on electrostatic attraction. The net positive surface charge increased with increasing amounts of DMAEMA. Confocal images showed fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) could penetrate into cationic dextran microspheres but not natural dextran microspheres. TT loading efficiency by post-loading was higher compared with by pre-loading. Even though TT is incorporated in the hydrogel network based on electrostatic interaction, still a controlled release can be achieved by varying the initial network density of the microspheres.
Delayed-Action Preparations ; Dextrans ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Hydrogels ; chemistry ; Methacrylates ; chemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microspheres ; Particle Size ; Polymerization ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; chemistry ; Tetanus Toxoid ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

The incidence of invasive diseases, including meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was markedly decreased after routine immunization of Hib vaccine through diverse schedules in many countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Hib conjugate vaccines in Korean children before the implementation of a national immunization program against Hib in Korea. A multicenter controlled trial was performed on two different Hib vaccines in Korean children. A total of 319 infants were enrolled: 199 infants were immunized with the Hib polysaccharide conjugated to the tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) and 120 infants with the Hib polysaccharide conjugated to the outer-membrane protein of Neisseria meningitides (PRP-OMP). Immunogenicity was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum bactericidal assay. Both vaccines showed good immunologic responses after primary immunization. After 2 doses of PRP-T or PRP-OMP, 78.9% and 91.7% of infants achieved an antibody level of > or = 1.0 microgram/mL, respectively. Both vaccines were safe and well-tolerated. No serious adverse events were observed. Thus, Hib conjugate vaccines appear to be safe and show good immunogenicity in Korean infants. These results will be important reference data for the implementation of Hib vaccine in the national immunization program of Korea.
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage/*adverse ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Haemophilus Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology ; Haemophilus influenzae type b/*immunology ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology ; Tetanus Toxoid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology