Arthroscopy ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Knee Injuries ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; instrumentation ; Male ; Menisci, Tibial ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Flaps ; Tibial Meniscus Injuries

INTRODUCTIONHip fractures in the elderly are associated with multiple comorbidities.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe prospectively surveyed and went through all relevant medical records of 70 consecutive patients admitted to Singapore General Hospital following either a cervical or intertrochanteric femoral fracture from late February to May 2004. The total hospitalisation cost for each patient was calculated based on the costs of inpatient care up to the point of discharge. Regression modeling was performed on the 7 commonest age-related conditions (based on our data), to determine the impact of each comorbidity on total costs.

RESULTSThe average age of the cohort was 77.24 years. The median length of stay was 13.6 days. In patients without comorbidities, the mean hospitalisation cost was S$9,347.5 +/- 1719.6. With the presence of comorbidities, the mean cost increased to S$11,502.3 +/- 6024.3. In univariate modeling, dementia added the largest amount to total costs [S$5,398; 95% confidence interval (CI), S$1273 to S$9523; P <0.05]. The presence of diabetes (S$758; 95% CI, S$2,051 to S$3,566), hypertension (S$644; 95% CI, S$1,986 to S$3,274) and osteoarthritis (S$915; 95% CI, S$3,721 to S$1,891) did not significantly add to total costs. When controlled for multiple comorbidities, dementia retained its significance in adding to total costs (S$6,178; 95% CI, S$1,795 to S$10,562; P = 0.006).

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONHip fracture patients with comorbidities incurred higher hospitalisation costs. Cost-containment strategies in hip fracture patients should not only examine the number of comorbidities but also the type of disease.

Aged ; Comorbidity ; Confidence Intervals ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip Fractures ; economics ; epidemiology ; Hospital Costs ; statistics & numerical data ; Hospitalization ; economics ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology

INTRODUCTIONWe conducted a biomechanical study comparing cerclage wiring using a power tool with the traditional manual method.

MATERIALS AND METHODSOur study consisted of 4 experimental arms based on the method of fixation and diameter of wires. The 4 arms were: 1) power tool method using 0.8 mm cerclage wires, 2) power tool method using 1.0 mm cerclage wires, 3) conventional manual method using 0.8 mm cerclage wires, and 4) conventional manual method using 1.0 mm cerclage wires. Synthetic femur bones were employed in our study. Six specimens were prepared for each arm. Each specimen was cut lengthwise and pressure sensors were placed in between. For the power tool method, while maintaining tension, wires were coiled using the Colibri power tool until just before secondary coiling occurred. For the conventional manual method, each specimen was compressed by plier twisting for 10 rounds, while maintaining tension. Cerclaging and data recording was done thrice for each specimen, giving a total of 18 readings per arm. Peak and steady-state forces were recorded.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference between the peak forces recorded between the power drill and manual methods. The steady-state forces achieved using the power tool method were significantly higher than that achieved in the manual fixation method (0.8 mm wires: 54.89N vs 27.26N, P = 0.037; 1.0 mm wires: 71.59N vs 39.66N, P = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONThe power tool method achieved a superior steady-state force of compression across the fracture site for both 0.8 mm and 1 mm wires.

Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Wires ; Femur ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) hepatic superscan refers to the diffuse intense uptake of 18F-FDG in the liver on positron emission tomography (PET), with reduced physiological activity in the brain and heart. The common causes include lymphoma and metastasis. In this case report, we describe the imaging features of tuberculosis as a rare cause of FDG hepatic superscan. PET imaging may be the only clue to a diagnosis of hepatic tuberculosis, as other imaging modalities may demonstrate only nonspecific hepatomegaly. It is important to consider this entity in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with FDG hepatic superscan and proceed with liver biopsy for a definitive diagnosis.
Adult ; Aged ; Biopsy ; methods ; Bone Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Femur ; pathology ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Fractures, Bone ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Humerus ; pathology ; Laparoscopy ; instrumentation ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Equipment ; Tibia ; pathology

INTRODUCTIONThe fabella, a sesamoid bone sometimes found in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, often articulates directly with the lateral femoral condyle. This study aimed to determine the incidence of fabellae in an Asian population and to characterise the radiological features of the fabella.

METHODSElectronic radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging films of 80 consecutive patients who underwent knee arthroscopy between May 2005 and October 2009 were reviewed to determine the presence and characteristics of the fabella.

RESULTSThe incidence of fabellae was 31.25% in our study cohort. The median length, thickness, width and distance of the fabella from the lateral femoral condyle were 7.06 mm, 4.89 mm, 6.12 mm and 33.19 mm, respectively. The fabella was consistently bony and located in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, with 52% of the fabellae having an articulating facet. Fabellae in men were found to be larger than in women, although the difference was not statistically significant. The presence of an articulating groove was associated with increased size of the fabella, but not with the distance between the fabella and its insertion onto the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.

CONCLUSIONThe incidence of fabellae in our population was lower than that in regional studies. They were consistently bony and not all had articulating grooves on the lateral femoral condyle. We found that the larger the fabella, the higher the chances of it having an articulating groove. By defining the radiological characteristics of the fabella, we provide objective parameters to help differentiate the fabella from other loose bodies or calcifications in the knee.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Arthroscopy ; Asia ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Radiography ; Sesamoid Bones ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

Intraosseous haemangiomas (IOHs) are benign vascular bone tumours that account for 1% of all primary bone tumours. They are most frequently seen in the vertebrae and skull, and are rarely found in long bones. Herein, we present an uncommon case of a 25-year-old woman with a solitary IOH that occupied the left femoral neck. We describe the clinical, radiological and histological details of the case, as well as the three-year outcome of the surgical treatment, which successfully preserved the femoral head. We also conducted a review of the literature on this uncommon entity.
Adult ; Angiography ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Femur Neck ; blood supply ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Skull ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Spine ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vascular Malformations ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; methods

INTRODUCTIONWe evaluated if there was significant stress in caregivers of elderly patients with osteoporotic hip fractures and determine any contributory factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA prospective cohort study was performed from June 2005 to June 2006 in a single tertiary hospital. Patients admitted during this period and their primary caregivers were interviewed on admission and at 6 months. Information on patient's demographics, comorbidities, functional and mental status, placement post-discharge and financial strain were noted. Caregiver stress was measured using the caregiver strain index (CSI). Relationships between key variables were analysed to derive possible correlations.

RESULTSThe study comprised caregivers of 76 patients with a mean age of 77 years (range, 50 to 95; SD, 11). Within 1 week of admission, 45 of the 76 caregivers (59.2%) were significantly stressed based on the CSI while at 6 months, 30 of the caregivers (50%) were significantly stressed. The mean CSI within 1 week of admission and at 6 months post-admission was 7.18 and 6.25 respectively (P = 0.042). The most significant contributory factor to stress was financial strain (P = 0.01) attributable to medical bills, rehabilitation costs and transport expenses.

CONCLUSIONThere is a significant amount of stress that is experienced by caregivers of elderly patients with hip fractures which commences from admission of the patient and it remains high at 6-months post-fracture. Financial strain has been found to be the only significant cause on both univariate and multivariate analysis. Adequate resources should be available to caregivers of patients with osteoporotic hip fractures.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Caregivers ; economics ; psychology ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Hip Fractures ; etiology ; rehabilitation ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis ; complications ; Prospective Studies ; Stress, Psychological