Sex segregation in competitive sports is regarded as fair. Before puberty boys and girls do not differ in height, muscle and bone mass. Testosterone (T) exposure during puberty leads to an ultimate average greater height in men of 12-15 cm, longer and larger bones and muscle mass and strength and higher hemoglobin levels. Postpubertal androgen ablation reverses, at least in part, previous anabolic effects of T on muscle, bone mineral density and hemoglobin but the long bones remain longer and wider. T administration dose dependently increases muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength. Therefore, exogenous androgens, being performance enhancing drugs, are banned for all athletes. An issue is the participation in competitive sports of people with errors of sexual differentiation and particularly transsexuals who have been sex-reassigned. In view of the effects of T, a clear demarcation is whether sex reassignment has taken place before or after hormonal puberty. Pubertal effects of T are in part reversible but there is no reliable evidence as to its completeness. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has taken an inevitably arbitrary decision with regard to participation of sex-reassigned transsexuals in elite sports: sex reassignment must have taken place at least two years earlier, hormone treatment must be appropriate for the reassigned sex and the reassigned sex must be legally recognized. The IOC policy is not binding for other organizations.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sports ; Testosterone ; administration & dosage ; Transsexualism

Since the elderly population has been increasing recently in our country, old male patients with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) with a significantly decreasing quality of life are becoming increasingly common. TDS in males is defined as a biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age and characterized by clinical manifestation and a deficiency in the serum testosterone level. These patients should be treated with extrinsic testosterone to improve quality of life. TDS in males should be diagnosed in the case of clinical manifestation with serum total testosterone <8 nmol/L (230 ng/dL) or calculated free testosterone <225 pmol/L (65 pg/mL) but not diagnosed in the case of serum total testosterone >12 nmol/L (350 ng/dL). Products for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) are administrated orally, transdermally, and through injectable preparations. Daily testosterone undecanoate is widely used for oral administration with good results and no hepatotoxicity. Short-acting intramuscular preparations are very effective but show wide swings in the resulting supra-physiological level of serum testosterone. Long-acting intramuscular preparations is also very effective and lasting for 3 months with normal physiologic levels. Many products for TRT on the market are effective and generally safe. However, those have a few significant adverse events each other. The ideal product should have notable effectsand few side effects, (such as selective androgen receptor modulators), be easy to administrate, maintain physiologic serum concentration, and be inexpensive. TDS in males can easily be correct by TRT. However, the advantages and disadvantages of the individual products and follow-up management of complicated adverse events should be understood before starting and maintaining TRT.
Administration, Oral ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Receptors, Androgen ; Sorbitol ; Testosterone ; Tyramine

Androgens, which constitute the basis of male health, have a wide variety of physiological functions. Clinically, external testosterones are often prescribed for patients with hypogonadism to supplement their insufficiency in self-secretion. Testosterone supplemental therapy (TST) can raise the levels of internal androgens, relieve the related clinical symptoms, and improve the patients' life quality. Meanwhile, TST also works on multiple organs and systems, and have some effectiveness for a given period of time.
Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; drug therapy ; Male ; Testosterone ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

To investigate the effects of the property of drugs and the structure of drug delivery devices on the drug release rate, the effects of sealing methods, length, thickness and drug-loading manner of the silicone tubes on the drug release rate were examined using progestin, testosterone, estradiol as the delivery drugs. The results showed that the property of the drug was the crucial factor to the drug release rate. The sealing methods, length, thickness and drug status of the silicone tubes had significant effects on the drug release rate and the effects were closely related to the property of the drugs. In addition, our newly developed glass-silicone tube has larger drug deposition capability and smaller drug release area, offers an effective and convenient method for the sustained drug delivery with quick release traits in vivo.
Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Estradiol ; administration & dosage ; Progesterone Congeners ; administration & dosage ; Silicones ; Testosterone ; administration & dosage

Ethosomes, as a new vector for transdermal drug delivery, could obviously improve the transdermal penetration of drugs. In this study, we prepared testosterone undecanoate ethosomes, with TU ethosomes as the basic remedy, to determine its appearance, particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE) and membrane fluidity. Meanwhile, a transdermal test was conducted in mice, in order to determine the permeability characteristics of ethosomes as a vector for transdermal drug delivery, and compare transdermal behaviors of TU ethosomes, liposomes and their ethanol solutions.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Liposomes ; chemistry ; Mice ; Skin Absorption ; Testosterone ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry

Athletes ; Flavones/administration & dosage* ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood* ; Seasons ; Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Testosterone/blood* ; Whey Proteins/administration & dosage*

Recent reports in the scientific and lay press have suggested that testosterone (T) replacement therapy (TRT) is likely to increase cardiovascular (CV) risk. In a final report released in 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cautioned that prescribing T products is approved only for men who have low T levels due to primary or secondary hypogonadism resulting from problems within the testis, pituitary, or hypothalamus (e.g., genetic problems or damage from surgery, chemotherapy, or infection). In this report, the FDA emphasized that the benefits and safety of T medications have not been established for the treatment of low T levels due to aging, even if a man's symptoms seem to be related to low T. In this paper, we reviewed the available evidence on the association between TRT and CV risk. In particular, data from randomized controlled studies and information derived from observational and pharmacoepidemiological investigations were scrutinized. The data meta-analyzed here do not support any causal role between TRT and adverse CV events. This is especially true when hypogonadism is properly diagnosed and replacement therapy is correctly performed. Elevated hematocrit represents the most common adverse event related to TRT. Hence, it is important to monitor hematocrit at regular intervals in T-treated subjects in order to avoid potentially serious adverse events.
Aging ; Drug Therapy ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Hypothalamus ; Male ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction ; Testis ; Testosterone* ; United States Food and Drug Administration

The association of anosmia with gonadal failure was first described by Kallmann et al. and reviewed by Nawakouski and Lenz. This hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is due to a defect of the hypothalamic level. We reported a case of Kallmann`s syndrome who was visited our department for evaluation of undescended testis. The patient was 15 year old male with anosmia and underdeveloped external genitalia. Hormonal study was done. On basal state. FSH was 1.1 mIU/ml, LH and testosterone were undetectable. 24 hours urine 17-OH CS is 4.5 mg/dl. After LH-RH 100 microgram was intravenous administration. LH value was 3.9mIU/ml. 2.0mIU/ml. 1.7mIU/ml. 1.0mIU/ml on 30', 60', 90', 120', respectively and FSH value was 3.8mIU/ml, 4.0mIU/ml, 4.9mIU/ml, 4.0mIU/ml on 30', 60', 90'. 120', respectively.
Administration, Intravenous ; Adolescent ; Cryptorchidism ; Genitalia ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Gonads ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Kallmann Syndrome* ; Male ; Olfaction Disorders ; Testosterone

Profound and diffuse alterations in the production of gonadal and adrenal androgens as well as growth hormone are associated with aging. To convey this concept more appropriately, partial endocrine deficiency in the aging male (PEDAM) was introduced as a term for the phenomenon of hormonal alterations in the aging male. Hormones responsible for some of the manifestations associated with male aging are testosterone, growth hormone, dehydroepiansdrosterone (DHEA), melatonin, thyroid hormones and leptin. Of these, testosterone has been widely investigated and its beneficial and adverse effects on male bodily systems are relatively well established. However, a serious body of confusion and misunderstandings surrounding the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of men suspected of having androgen deficiency has been raised. Therefore, it is timely to provide practical criteria for diagnosis and treatment to avoid misconception about the use of testosterone in the aging male. To provide an understanding and information of the issues, the following headings are summarized: (1) Important clinical consideration on testosterone supplementation in the aging male; (2) Asian practical recommendations on testosterone supplementation in the aging male.
Aging ; Androgens ; deficiency ; Asia ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Testosterone ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVESTo understand the hormone levels in male senile dementia patients and the effects of testosterone supplement theraphy (TST) on male senile dementia.

METHODSThe general health condition, mental health condition, hormone levels, and some other aspects were evaluated in 9 patients with male senile dementia without significant contradiction for TST. 9 patients were treated with oral testosterone undecanoate 120 mg per day for six weeks, and relative changes were observed, detected and recorded.

RESULTSIn 9 cases of male senile dementia, the average score was 5.33 in mini-mental state examination (MMSE), 14.56 in Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), 5.0 in geriatric depression scale (GDS), 32.56 in partial androgen deficiency of the aging male (PADAM) measuring form. The volume of testis was small (8.33 ml on average). After 1 week of having finished TST, the levels of serum testosterone (T) dropped significantly (dropped from average 2.88 ng/ml to 2.47 ng/ml, P < 0.05) in 9 patients with TST. General evaluation with clinician's global impression(CGI) for 9 patients showed 2 cases fail and 7 cases with progress (3 of them progress significantly). Average score dropped in HAMD form (10.67) and PADAM form (28.11). Physical strength and psychological status improved significantly, but vasomotor symptoms and sexual function failed response to the treatment.

CONCLUSIONSThe levels of androgen is low, and the symptoms of androgen deficiency are readily seen in male senile dementia. TST can improve life quality of most patients to some extent.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease ; blood ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Testosterone ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; blood