With the increased attention to men's health and development of ultrasound imaging technology, clinicians are achieving a better understanding of testicular microlithiasis. This review presents an overview on recent studies of the etiology, pathogenesis, and imaging characteristics of testicular microlithiasis, its impact on male reproductive function, and its relation ship with testis tumors and other related diseases, as well as its treatment strategies and follow-up proposals, aiming to provide some new evidence for further understanding and management of the disease.
Adult ; Calculi ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Disease Management ; Humans ; Male ; Reproduction ; physiology ; Testicular Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Testicular Neoplasms ; etiology ; Ultrasonography

Incidence of testicular tumor is 1-2% in all male tumor. Various series report that 3.6-11.6% of testicular tumor arise in patient with cryptorchidism or a history of cryptorchidism. But testicular tumors developed in suprapubic ectopic testis were reported rarely. Seminoma is one of the most radiosensitive tumor. However, the survival of patients with advanced tumor is poor. Therefore adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is essential for proper treatment of these patients. Recently we experienced a case of advanced seminoma resulted from suprapubic ectopic testis and treated by orchiectomy, systemic chemotherapy and radiation with good result.
Cryptorchidism ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Orchiectomy ; Seminoma* ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testis*

A testicular Sertoli cell tumor is a very rare, usually benign, testicular neoplasm. Of the total number of reported Sertoli cell tumors, only 30 cases were malignant. Usually, these patients have a history of a slowly growing scrotal mass and gynecomastia. These neoplasms vary greatly in size and in their microscopic appearances. A radical inguinal orchiectomy is the initial treatment, with the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy being controversial. They have an aggressive metastatic behavior and a poor prognosis. Herein, the case of 67-year-old man with a malignant Sertoli cell tumor is reported.
Aged ; Drug Therapy ; Gynecomastia ; Humans ; Male ; Orchiectomy ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Sertoli Cell Tumor* ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testis*

Prepubertal testicular tumors are rare compared with postpubertal testicular tumors. The incidence of prepubertal testicular tumors peaks at 2 years of age, tapers off after 4 years of age, and then begins to rise again at puberty. Prepubertal and postpubertal testicular tumors show many differences, including the typical tumor histology, molecular biological differences, and the malignant potential of tumors at different ages. Pediatric testicular tumors are classified as benign or malignant on the basis of their clinical behavior and histologically are divided into germ cell and gonadal stromal (nongerm cell) tumors. Many histological and biological studies have further confirmed the distinct nature of prepubertal and postpubertal testicular tumors. These differences have led to various management strategies for prepubertal and postpubertal tumors. Because overall about 75% of prepubertal testicular tumors are benign, a testis-sparing approach is becoming more common in children. Orchiectomy and observation with very selective use of chemotherapy has become the standard approach when a malignant tumor is identified. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and radiation therapy play very limited roles.
Age Distribution ; Child ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prognosis ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Testicular Neoplasms/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/*therapy

We have experienced 3 cases of testicular tumors since last 2 years, from June, 1981 to May, 1983. two cases were embryonal Ca. occurred in 22 years old male and 2 1/2 years old male respectively and another one was seminoma case occurred in 33 years old male. All of them were undergone inguinal orchiectomy and the seminoma case has been taken anti-tumor chemotherapy with radiation therapy and still alive. The adult embryonal Ca. case expired 3 months after operation and the child embryonal Ca. case is alive under observation.
Adult ; Child ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Orchiectomy ; Seminoma ; Testicular Neoplasms* ; Young Adult

The majority of testicular tumors in children are of germ cell origin and the predominant pathologic type is the yolk sac carcinoma. Initial treatment of radical orchiectomy is not in question. However, because of its presumed less virulent character, confusion remains as to adjunctive treatment for yolk sac carcinoma. Recently we experienced a case of advanced yolk sac carcinoma treated with multiple systemic chemotherapy regimen.
Child ; Drug Therapy* ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Orchiectomy ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Yolk Sac*

Testicular rhabdomyosarcoma is relatively rare in testicular tumors, but the age of patient is relatively young and the degree of malignancy is high. Therefore, this article introduces 4 cases of testicular rhabdomyosarcoma who were admitted to Peking University Third Hospital from May 1994 to February 2019, and reviews the literature to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The average age of the 4 patients was 17.5 years (14-21 years), the average hospital stay was 22.0 d (17-31 d), and the average body mass index was 19.6 kg/m² (14.7-25.8 kg/m²). All the patients underwent routine preoperative blood and urine routine, biochemical tests, as well as serum tumor markers. Preoperative examinations also included chest radiograph, electrocardiogram, ultrasound of the scrotum and groin, and abdominal enhanced CT. Lung CT or other examinations were performed if necessary. The median serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) of the 4 patients was 0.20 IU/L (0.06-0.86 IU/L) (all normal), and the median serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 1.03 g/L (0.65-1.66 g/L) (all normal). The average maximum diameter of the tumor was 10.0 cm (4.5-15.0 cm). Testicular rhabdomyosarcoma was mainly diagnosed by pathology. The main treatment was radical orchiectomy combined with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, with or without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The clinical manifestations of the patients with testicular rhabdomyosarcoma had no specific characteristics, but most patients were young at onset with mainly painless masses in the testicles, which were already large when they were found. Patients with testicular rhabdomyosarcoma have a poor prognosis, most of whom recur within two years. Because of the small number of cases of testicular rhabdomyosarcoma, there is no standard treatment currently. It is recommended that patients with testicular rhabdomyosarcoma undergo radical testicular resection combined with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor, and patients with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy can still survive for a longer time. If local recurrence or limited metastasis is found after operation, local resection and salvage radiotherapy are feasible.
Adolescent ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Male ; Rhabdomyosarcoma/therapy* ; Scrotum ; Testicular Neoplasms

OBJECTIVETo explore the diagnosis and treatment of testicular intratubular seminoma.

METHODSOne case of testicular intratubular seminoma was diagnosed with testicular biopsy. Epididymal sperm was aspirated and intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI) was performed. And local radiotherapy was conducted on the bilateral testes after fertilization.

RESULTSThe result of testicular biopsy revealed bilateral testicular intratubular seminoma. Large numbers of sperms were found in the epididymal aspirate. ICSI did not succeed for the first time. The second ICSI succeeded. The local radiotherapy by 60Co had been conducted on the bilateral testes, and testicular tumor didn't develop further.

CONCLUSIONTesticular intratubular seminoma is a type of intratubular germ cell neoplasia, with no clinical manifestations, and usually found in testicular biopsy. Earlier management promises better prognosis.

Adult ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Male ; Seminoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Testicular Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Testis ; pathology

Advances in the oncology field have led to improved survival rates. Consequently, quality of life after remission is anticipated, which includes the possibility to conceive children. Since cancer treatments are potentially gonadotoxic, fertility preservation must be proposed. Male fertility preservation is mainly based on ejaculated sperm cryopreservation. When this is not possible, testicular sperm extraction (TESE) may be planned. To identify situations in which TESE has been beneficial, a systematic review was conducted. The search was carried out on the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CISMeF databases from 1 January 2000 to 19 March 2020. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed in selecting items of interest. Thirty-four articles were included in the systematic review, including 15 articles on oncological testicular sperm extraction (oncoTESE), 18 articles on postgonadotoxic treatment TESE and 1 article on both oncoTESE and postgonadotoxic treatment TESE. Testicular sperm freezing was possible for 42.9% to 57.7% of patients before gonadotoxic treatment and for 32.4% to 75.5% of patients after gonadotoxic treatment, depending on the type of malignant disease. Although no formal conclusion could be drawn about the chances to obtain sperm in specific situations, our results suggest that TESE can be proposed before and after gonadotoxic treatment. Before treatment, TESE is more often proposed for men with testicular cancer presenting with azoospermia since TESE can be performed simultaneously with tumor removal or orchiectomy. After chemotherapy, TESE may be planned if the patient presents with persistent azoospermia.
Child ; Humans ; Male ; Azoospermia/therapy* ; Testicular Neoplasms/therapy* ; Quality of Life ; Spermatozoa ; Testis ; Syndrome ; Sperm Retrieval ; Retrospective Studies

Follow-up study was made on 14 patients of testicular who were treated at Severance hospital since 1972. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Among the 14 cases of testicular tumors, there were 7 cases of seminoma and 7 cases of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors(3 cases of embryonal cell carcinoma, 1 case of teratoma, 1 case of teratocarcinoma, 1 case of malignant lymphoma and 1 case of reticulum cell sarcoma.) 2. The median survival periods of 7 patients of seminoma was 35 months(range 6 to 113 months). the median survival periods of 7 patients of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor was 25 months (range 7 to 102 months). 3. The clinical stage of patient was stage A in 9, B in 3 and C in 1, The median survival periods of clinical stage A was 27.3 months, B in 51.3 months and C in 8 months. 4. Preoperative evaluation of serum AFB & HCG was made by radioimmunoassay. Only 1 case of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor had elevated serum AFB, but 2 cases of seminoma & 1 case of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor had elevated serum HCG. 5. The average survival periods according to treatment modalities was 40 months in radiation therapy(6 cases of seminoma), 10 months in chemotherapy only(3 cases of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor), 14 months in RPLND(3 cases of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor) and 16 month in RP LND with chemotherapy(2 cases of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor).
Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Lymphoma ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Radioimmunoassay ; Reticulum ; Seminoma ; Teratocarcinoma ; Teratoma ; Testicular Neoplasms