Body stalk anomaly represents an extreme maldevelopment of embryonic body folding and is characterized by absence of the umbilicus and umbilical cord. The failure of complete obliteration of the extraembryonic coelom is responsible for the absence of the umbilical cord formation and the wide-based insertio of the amnioperitoneal membrane onto the placental chorionic plate. We have analyzed 10 autopsy cases of various midline anomalies of the body that could best be classified into body stalk anomaly. All cases were either stillborns or dead immediately after birth. The pregnancy was interrupted due to this anomaly in 6 cases, and their gestational ages varied from 17 weeks to 37 weeks. The affected fetuses were characterized bt absent or vestigial umbilical cord, and ruptured amnion with direct amnioperitoneal connection without the mediation of the umbilical cord. Exomphalos with abdominal wall defect and serve scoliosis were characteristic components of this anomaly, that provided important clues in differentiating other similar anomalies. Other associated anomalies included neural tube defect, intestinal atresia, genitourinary and skeletal defects, pulmonary hypoplasia, single umbilical artery and narrow-spaced chest and abdomen, etc. These findings strongly suggest that anomaly of body stalk represents mechanical teratogenesis due to early amnion repture and subsequent effect, and should be categorized into amniotic band disruption syndrome.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Teratogens

Lipoxygenase ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Teratogens

Animals ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Pyrethrins ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Teratogens ; toxicity

OBJECTIVETo study the teratogenicity of new high-energy compounds, 3, 4 two furazan-based oxidation furazan (DNTF) and the impact on human health, occupational exposure limits were provided for the following research.

METHODSPregnant SD rats were randomly divided into five groups by Standard teratogenicity test, including three dose groups (5.0, 15.8, 50.0 mg/kg), the negative control (vegetable oil), and the positive control group (CP 10.0 mg/kg). Each 10 to 15 rats were in one group. Gavage was consecutive for rats during pregnancy 7 ∼ 12 d and then sacrifice after 20 d.

RESULTSThere were no significantly difference between the three dose groups and negative controls in the pregnancy rate, the weight of pregnant rats, fetal weight, fetal growth, fetal malformation rate and internal organs,

CONCLUSIONThere were no maternal toxicity, embryo toxicity and teratogenicity for rats when DNTF in the range 5.0 ∼ 50.0 mg/kg.

Animals ; Female ; Nitrofurazone ; toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Teratogens

Recently pregnant women take more drugs than before due to the trend of increasing maternal age. Though most drugs are safe, a small percentage of them may have unintended adverse consequences for either mother or child. So any unnecessary drug should not be given to pregnant women; however, when necessary, some medications cannot be withheld. Counseling for drugs during pregnancy is one of most important and difficult tasks of obstetricians. Most drugs are classified FDA category C, and there are many new drugs that have not been categorized yet. In addition, many drugs in category X are not absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy, and several drugs in category C or D are clear human teratogens. In this article, the author introduces drugs that we can use for common illnesses during pregnancy available in Korea.
Child ; Counseling ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Maternal Age ; Mothers ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Teratogens

OBJECTIVETo detect the embryo toxicity and the teratogenicity of DNAN in rats and provide basic data to occupational protection.

METHODS120 adult female SD rats and 60 male rats are mating for 1: 1, and the pregnant rats were randomly divided into five groups by the pregnant time. The negative control group are gavaged with 4% starch, and the three experiment groups are gavaged with DNAN suspension with the dose of 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg respectively, while the positive control give aspirin of 280 mg/kg. All rats of the five groups are administrated gavage from gestation day 5 (GD5) to GD19 continuously. The rats are dislocated in GD20, and the toxicity of embryo and toetus are detected.

RESULTSThe net weight growth in all three dose group are less than that of negative group, while the dead foetus in high dose group is more than negative group. Moreover, the body weight, body lenghth, tail lenghth and the anal genital distance of foetus rats in high dose group are all less than that of negative group. The foetus external malformations of three dose groups appear no significant compared with negative group.However, the prevalences of skeleton malformation in high dose group and the internal organs malformation in the median and high dose group appear significant higher than that of negative group. There are significantly maternal reproductive toxicity, embryo toxicity and toetus toxicity in positive group.

CONCLUSIONDNAN can induced maternal reproductive toxicity, embryo toxicity and the teratogenicity to rats.

Animals ; Anisoles ; toxicity ; Female ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Teratogens ; toxicity ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo detect the toxicity and teratogenicity of 2, 2-dinitroethene-1, 1-diamine (FOX-7) in rats.

METHODS125 adult SD rats were randomly divided into five groups, which are negative control (0 mg/kg) , positive control (280 mg/kg aspirin) , and three dose groups (5, 15, and 45 mg/kg) . They were administrated by gavage once a day from the 5th days to 19th days after pregnancy. The weight changes and toxicity of pregnant rats are recorded within the study, and the skeleton and internal organs malformations are detected by the recommended methods.

RESULTSAfter 5 or 6 days being poisoned, the pregnant rats appear significantly toxicity symptoms, such as exciting, irritability, and so on. The net weight raise in high dose group is less than the negative group, while the numbers of dead foetus in median and high dose groups are both more than that of negative group. Comparing with the negative group, the body weight and body lenghth of foetus rats in median and high dose groups, and the tail lenghth in high dose group are lower significantly. There are no external malformations in negative group and three dose groups. However, the foetus of high dose group appear significant skeleton and internal organs malformation prevalences that are significant more than negative group, including lateral cerebral ventricles enlarged, which accounts for 9.17%, occipital bone lost, which accounts for 2.59%.

CONCLUSIONFOX-7 can induced maternal reproductive toxicity, foetus toxicity and teratogenicity hazards to rats.

Animals ; Body Weight ; Female ; Nitro Compounds ; toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Teratogens ; toxicity ; Toxicity Tests

In the development of tooth, the first sign is the localized thickening of oral ectoderm to form the tooth bud, and then through the dialogue between the bud and underlying mesenchyme, proliferation and differentiation of bud cells and surrounding mesenchymal cells continue, and cap and bell stages follow. In each step of development, various teratogens may act directly and indirectly, and may result a certain congenital anomalies. To reveal the action mechanism of ionizing radiation on odontogenesis morphologically, 4 Gy X-ray irradiated on the rat (Sprague-Dawley strain) fetus on GD 12.7, and observed the histological changes of the upper incisor tooth from GD 13.5 to GD 20.5, daily. In the normal development of upper incisor tooth of rat, the bud stage was from GD 12.5 ~GD 15.5, the cap stage was from GD 16.5 to GD 17.5, and the bell stage was GD 18.5 to GD 20.5. After X-irradiation on GD 12.7, the development of incisor tooth was delayed markedly, the bud stage was prolonged from GD 13.5 to GD 17.5, and the cap stage was GD 18.5 and the bell stage was from GD 19.5 to GD 20.5. After X-irradiation, from GD 13.5 to GD 16.5, apoptosis is observed in the dental organ and surrounding mesenchyme, hemorrhagic necrosis began from GD 16.5 at the center of dental pulp, followed ischemic necrosis of dental organ and surrounding mesenchyme. After GD 19.5, the development of tooth was ceased. These suggest that at least 2 mechanisms involved during X-ray teratogenesis on developing tooth. After X-irradiation on GD 12.7, initially, X-ray induced apoptosis of the cells of dental lamina and dental bud, which resulted the delayed proliferation and differentiation of dental bud and shortage of the number of cells having signal molecules which induce aggregation of the underlying mesenchymal cells. Lately, disorganization of the endothelial cells differentiated from the damaged mesenchymal cells, which resulted in rupture of capillaries and the hemorrhagic necrosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Capillaries ; Dental Pulp ; Ectoderm ; Endothelial Cells ; Fetus ; Incisor* ; Mesoderm ; Necrosis ; Odontogenesis ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Rats* ; Rupture ; Teratogenesis ; Teratogens ; Tooth*

During early tooth development, multiple signaling molecules are expressed in the dental lamina and induce the dental mesenchyme. One signal, FGF-8, is expressed in the early dental epithelium, another one, BMP-4, has been shown to induce morphologic changes in dental mesenchyme. Meanwhile, hyperthermic exposure during pregnancy, as one of teratogens, is known to disturbe normal development and induce several congenital anomalies. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of maternal hyperthermia on the expressions of FGF-8 and BMP-4 in early odontogenesis. The pregnant Hsp70 knock-out at gestational day 8 were immersed in 43degrees C water bath until their body core temperature reached at 43degrees C. Thereafter, pregnant mice were given more 5 minutes hyperthermic exposure. Heat-untreated Hsp70 KO mice fetuses were used as the control group. Fetuses were collected at embryonic day (ED) 13, 15 and 17. Developing tooth in the mandible was processed for immunohistochemical study. Tissue sections were immunostained for FGF-8 and BMP-4 and observed with light microscope. The obtained results were as follows: Tooth development in the heat shocked (HS) group is delayed rather than the control group in the given developmental period. FGF-8 immunolocalization in control group at ED 13 was gradually decreased compared to the HS group which showed continuously positive immunoreaction. BMP-4 immunolocalization was detected in dental mesenchyme, however, there was no positive immunoreaction found in HS group. These results suggest that maternal hyperthermia should induce the early odontogenesis, delay the expression of FGF-8 in dental epithelium, and disturbe the expression of BMP-4 in dental mesenchyme. Consequently, hyperthermic exposure during pregnancy affects epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Animals ; Baths ; Epithelium ; Fetus ; Fever ; Hot Temperature ; Immunohistochemistry ; Light ; Mandible ; Mesoderm ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Odontogenesis ; Pregnancy ; Shock ; Teratogens ; Tooth ; Water

During the morphogenesis of the hindlimb and the digits of the rat, apoptosis has a crucial role to make their normal shape. In this study, apoptotic changes of the hindlimb from GD 13.5 to GD 17.5 were observed and compared with 5 -FU treated group to reveal the mechanism of teratogenic action of 5 -FU. The results were as follows; 1. The mean body weight of rat fetuses was decreased significantly in the 5 -FU treated group. 2. Congenital anomalies of the hindlimb digits were cleft foot, syndactyly and short digits, and the occurance rate of congenital anomalies was 58.1%, in which right -sided anomalies was 49.1% and left -sided anomalies was 18.9%. 3. Normal morphogenesis of the hindlimb digits was as follows; initially, hindlimb bud appeared at the lateral wall of lumbar somite on GD 10.5, grown as an elliptical mass proximodistally on GD 13.5, flattening and digital rays formation on GD 14.5, interdigital notches appeared on GD 15.5, interdigital spaces formation and interphalageal joints formation on GD 16.5, and deepening of interdigital spaces and elongation of digits on GD 17.5. 4. 5 -FU inhibited differentiation and growth of hindlimb bud initially, but its effect on development of hindlimb was disappeared after GD 15.5. According to the above results, it is considered that 5 -FU has an inhibitory effect on differentiation and growth of hindlimb of rat fetuses, and the TUNEL immunohistochemical method is much available to detect normal morphogenesis of an organ and to detect the mechanism of action of various teratogens.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Body Weight ; Fetus ; Fluorouracil* ; Foot ; Hindlimb* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Joints ; Morphogenesis* ; Rats ; Somites ; Syndactyly ; Teratogens