Epithelial borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) are distinctive from benign tumors and carcinoma. They occur in younger women more often than carcinoma, and there is some difficulty making correct diagnosis of BOT. Two subtypes of BOT, serous and mucinous borderline tumor have different characteristics and very different clinical behavior. Serous borderline tumor (SBT) with micropapillary pattern shows more incidence of extra ovarian disease and often coexists with invasive implant. SBT with micropapillary pattern in advanced stage has showed a worse prognosis than typical SBT. Huge mucinous borderline tumors have histologic heterogeneity, and the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis is relatively low. Extensive sampling is required to reach a correct pathological diagnosis. Mucinous adenoma (intestinal type) also runs the risk of recurrence after cystectomy, or intraoperative rupture of cyst. Laparoscopic procedure for BOT has not increased the risk of recurrence. Fertility preserving procedures are generally accepted, except in advanced stage SBT with invasive implants. Only cystectomy shows a significant risk of recurrence. Re-staging surgery and full staging surgery is not necessary for all BOT. We should not attempt to treat them uniformly, by the single diagnosis of "borderline tumor". It depends on histologic type. Close communication with the pathologist is necessary to gain more detail and ask more pathological samples in order to make the optimal treatment strategy for each individual patients.
Adenoma ; Cystectomy ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Fertility ; Frozen Sections ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laparoscopy ; Mucins ; Ovarian Diseases ; Population Characteristics ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Rupture

Epithelial borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) are distinctive from benign tumors and carcinoma. They occur in younger women more often than carcinoma, and there is some difficulty making correct diagnosis of BOT. Two subtypes of BOT, serous and mucinous borderline tumor have different characteristics and very different clinical behavior. Serous borderline tumor (SBT) with micropapillary pattern shows more incidence of extra ovarian disease and often coexists with invasive implant. SBT with micropapillary pattern in advanced stage has showed a worse prognosis than typical SBT. Huge mucinous borderline tumors have histologic heterogeneity, and the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis is relatively low. Extensive sampling is required to reach a correct pathological diagnosis. Mucinous adenoma (intestinal type) also runs the risk of recurrence after cystectomy, or intraoperative rupture of cyst. Laparoscopic procedure for BOT has not increased the risk of recurrence. Fertility preserving procedures are generally accepted, except in advanced stage SBT with invasive implants. Only cystectomy shows a significant risk of recurrence. Re-staging surgery and full staging surgery is not necessary for all BOT. We should not attempt to treat them uniformly, by the single diagnosis of "borderline tumor". It depends on histologic type. Close communication with the pathologist is necessary to gain more detail and ask more pathological samples in order to make the optimal treatment strategy for each individual patients.
Adenoma ; Cystectomy ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Fertility ; Frozen Sections ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laparoscopy ; Mucins ; Ovarian Diseases ; Population Characteristics ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Rupture

OBJECTIVETo investigate the movement tendency of lower teeth using multiloop edgewise archwire (MEAW) with vertical elastics in anterior teeth area by three-dimensions photoelastic analysis.

METHODSThe photoelastical model of full teeth as human body on physical parameter and dimension was established and loaded by MEAW with vertical elastics in anterior teeth area similar with clinic. Every freezing model-tooth was bladed by anteroposterior axes and vertical axes, the stress of every point of alveolar bone was calculated by three-dimensions shear-equation method. The stress distribution regularity of per-tooth was analyzed to describe their move tendency.

RESULTSThe lower second molar was intrused and rotated to distal and inclined as negative torque. The lower first molar moved and rotated to distal, the mesial rotate to buccally and the distal rotate to lingually. The lower second pre-molar was extruded and inclined as crown to mesial and root to distal, inclined as negative torque. The lower canine was intrused slightly and inclined as positive torque. The lower lateral incisor was extruded and moved and inclined as positive torque.

CONCLUSIONUsing MEAW with several "L" loop can control the movement of every tooth in three dimension.

Humans ; Molar ; Orthodontic Appliance Design ; Orthodontic Wires ; Tooth ; Tooth Movement Techniques