Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy refractory to medical treatment is a promising treatment option. After a short overview on historical developments in this field, we describe the present practice of presurgical evaluation and resection strategies as practiced at our institution and review the corresponding publications from other centers. We try to delineate major future developments for surgical therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy, as they can derived from present trends.
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Temporal Lobe*

PURPOSE: To obtain preliminary data for understanding the central auditory neural pathway by means of functional MR imaging (fMRI) of the cerebral auditory cortex during linguistic and non-linguistic auditory stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In three right-handed volunteers we conducted fMRI of auditory cortex stimulation at 1.5 T using a conventional gradient-echo technique (TR/TE/flip angle: 80/60/40 degree). Using a pulsed tone of 1000 Hz and speech as non-linguistic and linguistic auditory stimuli, respectively, images-including those of the superior temporal gyrus of both hemispheres-were obtained in sagittal plases. Both stimuli were separately delivered biaurally or monoaurally through a plastic earphone. Images were activated by processing with homemade software. In order to analyze patterns of auditory cortex activation according to type of stimulus and which side of the ear was stimulated, the number and extent of activated pixels were compared between both temporal lobes. RESULTS: Biaural stimulation led to bilateral activation of the superior temporal gyrus, while monoaural stimulation led to more activation in the contralateral temporal lobe than in the ipsilateral. A trend toward slight activation of the left (dominant) temporal lobe in ipsilateral stimulation, particularly with a linguistic stimulus, was observed. During both biaural and monoaural stimulation, a linguistic stimulus produced more widespread activation than did a non-linguistic one. CONCLUSION: The superior temporal gyri of both temporal lobes are associated with acoustic-phonetic analysis, and the left (dominant) superior temporal gyrus is likely to play a dominant role in this processing. For better understanding of physiological and pathological central auditory pathways, further investigation is needed.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Auditory Cortex* ; Auditory Pathways ; Ear ; Linguistics* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neural Pathways ; Plastics ; Temporal Lobe ; Volunteers

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to a decreased response to a startling stimulus when another weaker stimulus precedes it. Most PPI studies have focused on the physiological startle reflex and fewer have reported the PPI of cortical responses. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in four monkeys and investigated whether the PPI of auditory cortical responses (alpha, beta, and gamma oscillations and evoked potentials) can be demonstrated in the caudolateral belt of the superior temporal gyrus (STGcb). We also investigated whether the presence of a conspecific, which draws attention away from the auditory stimuli, affects the PPI of auditory cortical responses. The PPI paradigm consisted of Pulse-only and Prepulse + Pulse trials that were presented randomly while the monkey was alone (ALONE) and while another monkey was present in the same room (ACCOMP). The LFPs to the Pulse were significantly suppressed by the Prepulse thus, demonstrating PPI of cortical responses in the STGcb. The PPI-related inhibition of the N1 amplitude of the evoked responses and cortical oscillations to the Pulse were not affected by the presence of a conspecific. In contrast, gamma oscillations and the amplitude of the N1 response to Pulse-only were suppressed in the ACCOMP condition compared to the ALONE condition. These findings demonstrate PPI in the monkey STGcb and suggest that the PPI of auditory cortical responses in the monkey STGcb is a pre-attentive inhibitory process that is independent of attentional modulation.
Animals ; Auditory Cortex ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Prepulse Inhibition ; physiology ; Temporal Lobe ; physiology

No abstract available.
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe ; Humans ; Temporal Lobe

No abstract available.
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Humans ; Temporal Lobe*

No abstract available.
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Hippocampus* ; Parturition* ; Temporal Lobe*

No abstract available.
Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Temporal Lobe*

No abstract available.
Codon, Nonsense* ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Temporal Lobe*

No abstract available.
Mood Disorders* ; Temporal Lobe*

No abstract available.
Mood Disorders* ; Temporal Lobe*