This study was performed to examine the relationship between the abstinence results of alcohol dependents after discharge and the level of insight at the time of discharge. 117 male Korean alcohol dependents discharged from a community-based alcohol treatment center were followed up to determine the initial months of abstinence on a successive basis (IMA), total months of abstinence during 12-month period (TMA), and complete abstinence for one full year after discharge. Analyses of abstinence results with adjustment for the differences in baseline characteristics were performed for subjects' insight levels (poor, fair and good). The mean IMA of patients with good insight was significantly (p<0.01) longer than that of patients with poor insight and TMA of patients with good insight was significantly (p<0.001) longer than that of others. Using patients with good insight as the reference, patients with poor insight showed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.01-0.75, p<0.05) for complete abstinence for one full year after discharge and patients with fair insight, adjusted OR of 0.17 (95% CI=0.03-0.81, p<0.05). These results suggest that alcohol dependents' insight could be regarded as a factor related with abstinence.
Temperance/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Alcoholism/*psychology ; Adult

This study purports to review traditional health concepts of Korea by age, and to compare them to health concepts defined in western societies. Furthermore the study offers these results as the basis of construction for Korean nursing theory. Literature for the review were traditional health books published in Korea. These books are Euibangyoochui, Hyangyakjibsungbang, Dongeuibogam, Eiyangpyun, Dongeuisoosebowon, & Hwangjaenaekyung. In addition, articles that studied traditional literature or Korean medical history were reviewed when no publication of a primary source was available. In ancient Korean society, health was viewed as a 'good relationship or harmony with a supernatural subject', 'harmony of earth, water, fire, and air', and a 'long life with no illness'. The treatment aspect of medicine was emphasized in the middle-aged society. The health concepts in the pre-modern society included such concepts as 'jeongkhibojeon', 'adjustment to the nature', 'harmony between yang and yin', 'strengthening of jeongkhishin', 'circulation of owoonyookchi', 'kyungjok mind-body state' and 'jeongshimjeonghang'. Major health concepts in western literature were 'adaptation', 'role performance', 'actualization of human potential', 'adaptation and actualization of potential', and 'comfort'. Traditional health concepts of Korea focus on principles. They deliver abstract meanings, which make their measures uneasy. They believe in holism and unity with nature and especially emphasize the mental aspect. On the other hand, health concepts of western societies focus on phenomena. Their meanings are somewhat concrete, which make their measurements relatively easy. They see a person adapts positively to the environment as an independent being from the environment. These concepts have biopsychosocial aspects with no partial emphasis in the mental aspects. These traditional concepts of health were classified into two main perspectives. One is the unity of heaven & man, and the other is the unity of mind and body. The former perspective is based on the main concept of Chi. The latter has the main concept of ruling of the mind. The two main concepts discussed above need further examination for development of a nursing theory for Korean society. The application of circulation of Chi needs balance and harmony, and the application of ruling of mind needs temperance.
Fires ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea* ; Nursing Theory ; Publications ; Temperance

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate character strengths, physical and mental health status of the homeless. METHODS: Data were collected from November 2014 to March 2016 through the VIA-IS questionnaires and the DESC vulnerability assessment tool. The participants were 120 adultmen living in two self-reliance support facilities for homeless people, located in S city, Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. RESULTS: Physical health status of the participants was as following: ‘chronicmedical conditions that were not well-managed or significant physical impairment’ 11.7%, and ‘stable significant medical or physical issues, or chronic medical conditions that were being managed’ 46.7%. The mental health status included mild 23.3%,moderate 11.7%, and seriousmental health issues 4.2%. There were no significant differences in physical health status by signature character groups, while mental health status (F=2.46, p=.038) of the courage group was worse than that of the temperance group. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate thatmental health status of homeless people should bemanagedmore appropriately and effective nursing interventions need to be developed using their signature character. However, further research about physical health status by signature character of the homeless is needed.
Courage ; Homeless Persons ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Nursing ; Temperance

OBJECTIVETo discuss how some pre-analysis processes influence the results of semen analysis and how to minimize their influence on the accuracy of laboratory results based on the concept of total quality management (TQM).

METHODSWe conducted semen quality analyses for 21 male volunteers, who had abstained from tobacco and alcohol for over 72 days for the purpose of fertilization, before and after the abstinence, and obtained their seminal parameters at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hours after semen sample collection.

RESULTSSperm concentration, sperm motility and the percentage of grade a + b sperm were significantly higher after the abstinence of tobacco and alcohol than before (P < 0.01). With the lengthening of post-ejaculation time, there was a significant decrease in sperm motility and the percentage of grade a + b sperm (P < 0.05), but not in sperm concentration (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONA lot of factors may affect the results of semen analysis, including the subjects' habits of drinking and smoking and the length of time after semen collection. Therefore, every procedure of semen analysis has to be dealt with very carefully so as to meet the requirements of TQM and achieve most reliable results for clinical use.

Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Quality Control ; Semen Analysis ; methods ; standards ; Smoking Cessation ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility ; Temperance

BACKGROUND: The present study purposed to execute group temperance education for heavy drinkers, and to examine how much the participants' drinking behavior is improved. METHODS: We ran a drinking class composed of 4 sessions of group temperance education with 40 male heavy drinkers selected through the case management program of the National Health Insurance Corporation, and compared their drinking behavior before, right after, and 12 weeks after the class. RESULTS: The mean (SD) drinks per week was 4.8 (1.8) before the drinking class, 3.3 (2.3) (P<0.001) right after the completion of the class, and 3.6 (2.2) (P<0.001) 12 weeks after the class, showing a significant decrease. The mean (SD) alcohol intake per drink also decreased significantly from 14.4 (15.6) drinks before the drinking class to 9.3 (15.5) (P<0.001) right after the completion of the class and to 12.0 (16.6) (P<0.001) 12 weeks after the class. The mean (SD) alcohol use disorder identification test score improved significantly from 27.7 (6.3) before the drinking class to 17.8 (11.1) (P<0.001) right after the completion of the class and 20.5 (8.8) (P<0.001) 12 weeks after the class. The number of heavy drinkers decreased significantly from 40 (100.0%) before the drinking class to 26 (65.0%) right after the completion of the class and 28 (70.0%) 12 weeks after the class (P<0.001), and the number of binge drinkers also decreased significantly from 40 (100.0%) before the drinking class to 27 (67.5%) right after the completion of the class and 28 (70.0%) 12 weeks after the class (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that group temperance education by primary care physicians improved heavy drinkers' drinking behavior.
Case Management ; Drinking ; Drinking Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; National Health Programs ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Temperance

This study discusses the historical significance of the Natural Cure Movement of Germany, centering on the Kneipp Cure, a form of hydrotherapy practiced by Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897). The Kneipp Cure rested on five main tenets: hydrotherapy, exercise, nutrition, herbalism, and the balance of mind and body. This study illuminates the reception of the Kneipp Cure in the context of the trilateral relationship among the Kneipp Cure, the Natural Cure Movement in general, and modern medicine. The Natural Cure Movement was ideologically based on naturalism, criticizing industrialization and urbanization. There existed various theories and methods in it, yet they shared holism and vitalism as common factors. The Natural Cure Movement of Germany began in the early 19th century. During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, it became merged in the Lebensreformbewegung (life reform movement) which campaigned for temperance, anti-tobacco, and anti-vaccination. The core of the Natural Cure Movement was to advocate the world view that nature should be respected and to recognize the natural healing powers of sunlight, air, water, etc. Among varied natural therapies, hydrotherapy spread out through the activities of some medical doctors and amateur healers such as Johann Siegmund Hahn and Vincenz Prieβnitz. Later, the supporters of hydrotherapy gathered together under the German Society of Naturopathy. Sebastian Kneipp, one of the forefathers of hydrotherapy, is distinguished from other proponents of natural therapies in two aspects. First, he did not refuse to employ vaccination and medication. Second, he sought to be recognized by the medical world through cooperating with medical doctors who supported his treatment. As a result, the Kneipp cure was able to be gradually accepted into the medical world despite the “quackery” controversy between modern medicine and the Natural Cure Movement. Nowadays, the name of Sebastian Kneipp remains deeply engraved on the memories of German people through various Kneipp spa products, as well as his books such as My Water Cure and Thus Shalt Thou Live! Wörishofen, where Kneipp had served as catholic priest as well as hydrotherapist for 42 years from 1855, changed its name to “Bad Wörishofen” (“Wörishofen Spa” in German). The Kneipp Cure and the Natural Cure Movement became a source of ecologica l thought which is currently gaining more and more sympathy from German people. It is regarded as a lieu de mémoire (site of memory) reflecting the collective identity of German people.
Clergy ; Fathers ; Germany* ; Herbal Medicine ; History, Modern 1601-* ; Humans ; Hydrotherapy ; Naturopathy ; Quackery ; Sunlight ; Temperance ; Urbanization ; Vaccination ; Vitalism ; Water

The principal objective of this study was to determine the importance of obesity management nutrition programs for obese male workers after performing a 10-week nutrition program and to compare changes in the obesity index, health behavior, meal intake, and blood constituents. The study subjects included 44 individuals, all without chronic disease. After the program, the weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) of the subjects dropped. Dietary life behavior scores increased. In particular, more than 30% increases were detected in self-control of surfeit, control of eating speed, temperance, and regular exercise items. Total caloric intake and average drinking intake dropped. Though insignificant, systolic pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and sGPT all dropped as compared to the levels measured prior to the program. Fasting blood sucrose, triglyceride, g-GTP, and atherogenic index dropped significantly. HDL-cholesterol, though insignificant, increased. As the result of examining correlations between the subjects' health life behavior, caloric intake, and improvement in obesity, we noted a significant correlation between self-control of surfeit and temperance in the health life behavior item, along with significant correlations among total calorie intake, surfeit percentage, and daily average drinking intake. These results demonstrated that nutrition program for obese workers performed at the Community Health Center had the effect of reducing obesity, improving health behavior, and improving clinical levels. Thus, it is advisable that obesity management programs be achieved, linking the center of local societies' health promotion projects, community health centers, and workplaces, and various programs should be developed to maintain and continue changes in workers' behaviors, such that the positive effects of improvement in obesity could be maintained, even after the program.
Adipose Tissue ; Alanine Transaminase ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Community Health Centers ; Drinking ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Fasting ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Obesity ; Sucrose ; Temperance ; Waist-Hip Ratio