G-protein coupled receptors form a large superfamily of plasma membrane proteins which serve a variety of signal transduction roles. New receptors continue to be identified. Based on sequence homology the superfamily can currently be divided into three families, the rhodopsin family which includes the vast majority of identified receptors, and the secretin. and metabotropic glutamate receptor families which share a general architecture with each other and the rhodopsin family but no obvious sequence identity. Screening for additional members of the secretin family led to the identification of the parathyroid hormone-2 (PTH2) receptor. Ligand recognition by the PTH2 receptor partially overlaps that of the PTH/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor. This has facilitated structure-function analysis of ligands for these receptors. The physiological role of the PTH2 receptor is under investigation but its distribution suggests that it may be a neurotransmitter receptor and could participate in modulation of a number of organ systems. The relative abundance of PTH2 receptor mRNA in the brain and the inability to detect mRNA encoding PTH, its only currently identified ligand, suggest the existence of another endogenous ligand, for which evidence has recently been obtained.
Brain ; Cell Membrane ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Mass Screening ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2 ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter ; Rhodopsin ; RNA, Messenger ; Secretin ; Sequence Homology ; Signal Transduction