Study was performed on the preparation of taurine and some taurate salts in the bile of cow/ox from vissan but chery firm. Average weight of bile adder get 80 g for each. From ethamlanin and die thylcarbonate, 2- oxzolidinon was prepared, after the heating with hydrogene sulphide, taurine was obtained with a productivity of 67,15%. The investigation and extraction of taurine in laboratory scale gave a productivity of 64,5%. From taurine, calcium taurate was prepared at a productivity of 90% and magnesium taurate- 83,5%
Taurine ; Salts ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

This study was performed in order to investigate the effects of taurine on cadmium poisoning in muscle, gill, and bone tissues of wild goldfish. For this experiment, 80 wild goldfish were divided into four experimental groups: 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 0 mg/L of taurine (Group I), 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 20 mg/kg of taurine (Group II), 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 40 mg/L of taurine (Group III), and 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 80 mg/L of taurine (Group IV). The results were as follows: The cadmium concentration in muscle tissue of wild goldfish was 0.65-3.21 mg/kg wet wt in Group I, whereas it decreased in Group IV. Levels of cadmium in gill tissue of wild goldfish were 16.57-42.39 mg/kg wet wt in Group I, 15.23-43.01 mg/kg wet wt in Group II, 15.11-39.56 mg/kg wet wt in Group III, and 13.15-38.55 mg/kg wet wt in Group IV (P < 0.05), suggesting that the cadmium concentration decreased in the experimental groups compared to control. The cadmium concentration in bone tissue of wild goldfish after 28 days was 0.52-9.75 mg/kg in Group II, whereas it increased in Group III (P < 0.05). In conclusion, taurine may have a preventive effect against cadmium accumulation in biological tissues.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Cadmium ; Cadmium Poisoning ; Gills ; Goldfish ; Muscles ; Taurine

BACKGROUND: Although current guidelines do not recommend immediate anticoagulation therapy (IAC) for acute ischemic stroke, judicious debates are still lingering on whether it might be done for acute cardioembolic stroke (ACES). We surveyed current practice patterns of anticoagulation therapy for ACES in Korea, and analyzed their related factors. METHODS: Using a web-based system, all neurology staffs of training hospitals in Korea surveyed about when and how they commenced anticoagulation therapy in the hypothetical cases with ACES. RESULTS: Of the 359 subjects invited, 281 responded to the e-mail, of whom 76 abstained from participating. The number of participants was therefore 205 (57.1%). Although a few physicians (4.4%) always performed IAC and some (10.7%) never did, most physicians made different decisions according to infarct size and presence of hemorrhagic transformation (HTr): IAC was performed more often in cases with medium-sized or small infarct than large one (68.2% vs. 35.9%, P<0.001), and in cases without HTr (68.6% vs. 34.9%, P<0.001). The most common method of administration was 'heparin followed by warfarin' (68.2%), and then 'warfarin alone' or 'warfarin with aspirin'. If IAC was not commenced, it resumed most commonly between 1 and 2 weeks after the onset (44.0%). CONCLUSION: Quite many neurologists in Korea did IAC in selective ACES, e.g. small sized infarction without HTr. Further studies are needed to prove the efficacy of IAC therapy in this selective population.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Electronic Mail ; Heparin ; Infarction ; Korea ; Neurology ; Stroke ; Taurine

It has been postulated that the intracellular taurine is co-transported with Na+ down a concentration gradient and prevents the intracellular accumulation of sodium. It is therefore, expected that an elevated level of intracellular taurine prevents the sodium-promoted calcium influx to protect the cellular damages associated with sodium and calcium overload. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intra- and extracellular taurine on the myocardial Na+ and Ca++ contents and the cardiac functions in isolated rat hearts which were loaded with sodium by monensin, a Na+/-ionophore. Monensin caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular Na+ accompanied with a subsequent increase in intracellular Ca++ and a mechanical dysfunction. In this monensin-treated heart, myocardial taurine content was decreased with a concomitant increase in the release of taurine. The monensin-induced increases in intracellular Na+, Ca++ and depression of cardiac function were prevented in the hearts of which taurine content had been increased by high-taurine diet. Conversely, in the hearts of which taurine concentration gradient had been decreased by addition of taurine in the perfusate, the monensin-induced increases in Na+, Ca++ and functional depression were accelerated. These results suggest that taurine, depending on the intra-extracellular concentration gradient, can affect intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations, and that an increased intracellular taurine may play a role in protection of myocardial dysfunction associated with the sodium and calcium overload.
Animals ; Calcium ; Depression ; Diet ; Heart* ; Monensin ; Rats* ; Sodium ; Taurine*

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of taurine regulating the polarization of M2 macrophages by mitophagy. Methods THP-1 cells were divided into four groups: M0 group (THP-1 cells were treated by 100 nmol/L phorbol myristate ester for 48 hours to polarize into M0), M2 group (THP-1 cells were induced to polarize into M2 macrophages by 20 ng/mL interferon-4 (IL-4) for 48 hours), M2 combined with taurine groups (added with 40 or 80 mmol/L taurine on the basis of M2 macrophages). The mRNA expression of mannose receptor C type 1(MRC-1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 22(CCL22) and dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin (CD209) in M2 macrophages were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Mitochondrial and lysosome probes were used to detect the number of mitochondria and lysosomes by multifunction microplate reader and confocal laser scanning microscope. The level of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1 MMP assay kit. The expression of mitophagy-related proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Compared with M0 group, the expression of MRC-1, CCL22, CD209 and PINK1, the number of mitochondria and the level of MMP in M2 group were significantly increased, whereas the number of lysosomes and LC3II/LC3I ratio were decreased. Compared with M2 group, the expressions of MRC-1, CCL22 and CD209, the number of mitochondria and the level of MMP in M2 combined with taurine group dropped significantly while the number of lysosomes was found increased, and the protein expression of PINK1 and LC3II/LC3I ratio were also increased. Conclusions The polarization of M2 macrophages is regulated by taurine to prevent excessive polarization via reducing the level of MMP, improving the level of mitophagy, reducing the number of mitochondria, and inhibiting the mRNA expression of polarization markers in M2 macrophages.
Mitophagy ; Taurine ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger

BACKGROUND: Measurements of the concentrations of free amino acids in the blood are used as useful biochemical indicators. The sample pretreatments, including anticoagulant selection and deproteinization, are important steps in plasma-free amino acid analysis for accurate and stable results. Heparin and EDTA venous plasma in a frozen state are most commonly applied sample sources in our laboratory. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the anticoagulant and delayed deproteinization in amino acid measurement using ion-exchange chromatography. METHODS: We used Biochrom 20 amino acid analyzer (Biochrom, U.K). Blood samples were taken from 3 healthy adults after a minimum of 8 hours fasting. Two different types of vacutainer tubes, including sodium heparin and EDTA were used. To investigate variations by heparin volume, 3 mL and 6 mL of blood were drawn in 10 mL heparin tubes. We used an aqueous solution of SSA for deproteinization. To investigate variations through delayed deproteinization, we deproteinized the samples immediately and 24 hours later after plasma separation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in concentrations except for cystine, glutamic acid and taurine, and the retention time between the 6 sample groups. The concentration of taurine was higher in the groups of late deproteinized plasma. In the groups of the same deproteinization time, there were no significant differences in concentration by different heparin concentrations. When we compared the results of 3 mL EDTA plasma with that of heparin-treated 6 mL of blood, the most widely used sample type, there was a significant difference in cystine concentration in the delayed deproteinized group but there were no differences in the immediately deproteinized group. CONCLUSIONS: Both 3 mL EDTA blood and 6 mL heparin-treated blood can be used commonly in case of using high-resolution ion-exchange chromatography and an immediately deproteinized sample. But, the results in amino acids can be affected in delayed pretreatment samples. Their effects should always be considered when interpreting laboratory results. The laboratories should standardize adequate sample preparation for the accurate analysis of amino acids.
Adult ; Amino Acids ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Cystine ; Edetic Acid ; Fasting ; Glutamic Acid ; Heparin ; Humans ; Plasma ; Taurine

BACKGROUND: We examined the consumption patterns and the knowledge and awareness of energy drinks to draw up a guideline for energy drink consumption and to give accurate information to college student. METHODS: Data from 324 subjects (186 males and 138 females) were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The study participants were recruited from the Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam area between March and June 2013. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant gender-based difference in awareness of energy drinks- 56.5% (78/139) of the males and 78.9% (71/90) of the females had negative awareness (P<.001). As for recognizability of taurine by awareness of energy drinks, there were intergroup differences: the mean was 3.89 for the group with positive awareness and 3.31 for the negative awareness group (P=.001). The odds ratio for awareness of energy drinks was 2.75 (95% CI:1.05-7.18) and those with positive awareness consumed more than those with negative awareness (P=.039). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation on the factors that affect energy drinks consumption behaviors is of significance in that it helps make known the high caffeine content of energy drinks, and accurate knowledge of the side effects and appropriate consumption.
Caffeine ; Energy Drinks* ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Taurine ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of taurine on the corneal endothelial damage by oxidative stress. METHODS: Rabbit corneas were mounted in the dual-chambered specular microscope and perfused with bicarbonate-Ringer solution(BR) for 1 hour, and endothelial surface was treated with hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase(HX-XO) for 5 minutes, and perfused with BR for 3 hours in control group, while perfused with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mM taurine in BR in test group. Corneal thickness was measured every 15 minutes and corneal swelling rates were calculated by linear regression analysis. Also, corneal permeability was measured using carboxyfluorescein and fluorometer. Using bovine corneal endothelial cells, MTT assay was done. RESULTS: On MTT assay, cytotoxicity of HX-XO group was 47.69% while those treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mM taurine were 36.22%, 29.73%, 24.90%, respectively(P<0.05). 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM taurine group (12.88, 10.75 and 8.95 um/hr, respectively) reduced the HX-XO-induced corneal swelling rate(20.08 um/hr)(P<0.05). Corneal endothelial permeability(Pac) showed 7.96 x 10(-4) cm/min in corneas perfused with HX-HO. Also, each taurine solutions markedly reduced Pac(7.00+/-0.29 x 10(-4), 6.51+/-0.25 x 10(-4) and 5.37+/-1.41 x 10(-4) cm/min, respectively)(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that taurine may prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced corneal endothelial damage.
Cornea ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Corneal ; Free Radicals ; Hydrogen ; Linear Models ; Oxidative Stress ; Permeability ; Taurine*

Alcohol-related problems are prevalent and lead to substantial economic, physical, and psychological burden. Among the various effects of alcohol, the effect on the brain is a matter of importance. The brain controls drinking behaviors and may be damaged earlier than other organs by alcohol. Moreover, alcohol-related brain pathologies are difficult to treat once they have progressed. Therefore, we overviewed the mechanisms and results of alcohol-induced brain damage and interventions against it in this article. Alcohol exerts neurotoxic effects mediated by various mechanisms, such as acetaldehyde toxicity, glutamate excitotoxicity, increased oxidative stress, and chronic inflammatory responses. In both functional and structural neuroimaging studies, the evidence of alcohol-induced brain damage was observed in various regions of gray and white matter. Brain damage has been known to be more prominent when it begins during the period of brain development and in women. Symptomatically, alcohol hangovers and alcohol-induced blackouts, which are highly prevalent alcohol-related problems, have been suggested to be early signs of alcohol-related brain damage. However, neurological changes induced by alcohol have been reported to be partly recovered by abstinence. The development of effective interventions would be clinically important. Although following the rules of low-risk drinking and abstinence have been the primary approaches up to the present, studies on mechanism-based neuroprotective interventions, such as acamprosate and memantine, have attempted. Further prospective and well-designed studies of neuroprotective interventions against neurotoxic effects of alcohol are required.
Acetaldehyde ; Brain ; Drinking ; Drinking Behavior ; Female ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Memantine ; Neuroimaging ; Oxidative Stress ; Taurine

Rat thalamocortical slices maintain synoptic connections between thalamus and cortex. When perfused with low Mg++-ACSF, thalamocortical slices exhibited two main types of spontaneous bursting activity. One is monotonic burst of 3-15 Hz and another is multiphasic bursts which have a tonic burst firing period and a late phase of clonic burst firing. These bursts are similar in frequency and during to EEG recordings from human generalized seizures. Exploiting the advantages of in vitro preparations, the electrophysiological action of taurine were studied. Exogeneous application of taurine profoundly decreased spontaneous bursting activities, which it caused only slight reduction of electrically evoked response in cortical layer. Taurine-induced current was blocked by 40 uM bicuculline, GABA receptor antagonist, in acutely isolated coritcal neurons. These results suggest that endogeneous taurine may regulate the hyperexcitablility through GABAa receptor.
Animals ; Bicuculline ; Electroencephalography ; Fires ; Humans ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Receptors, GABA ; Seizures* ; Taurine* ; Thalamus