The commonest procedure for adult diaphyseal femoral fractures is intramedullary nailing. A thorough preoperative examination of facture pattern and its morphology are necessary. Previous studies are non-homogenous and with conflicting results. So the study was planned to find out, any relation between femur and forearm plus little finger length and its association with height/ arm span and upper segment/lower segment ratios in an individual, with its statistical validity. The study was carried on 75 male and 75 female students of more than 18 years of age, studying at AIIMS Rishikesh after taking their informed consent and ethical approval. The forearm plus hand length and the length offemur were measured as per protocol, by simple measuring tape. The mean forearm plus hand length and the length of femur were 42.85 (SD, ±1.87) and 45.88 (SD, ±2.95) cm, respectively with the mean difference between these 2 measurements of -3.03 (95% CI, -3.83 to -2.22) cm, in male and 39.56(SD, ±1.68), 40.96 (SD, ± 2.75) cm and -1.400 (95% CI, -1.917 to -0.883) cm in female volunteers. The Pearson correlation co efficient and p value 0.575, 0.0001 and 0.585, 0.0001 in male and female respectively. There was no significant variation with height, upper segment and lower segment ratios. So we conclude that there is extremely significant correlation between the forearm plus hand length and the length of femur of the individuals. The forearm plus hand length represents the maximum length of the nail to be used in femur. The length of the femur nail can be definitely predicted by the forearm plus hand length in both sexes but it has to be different in both, for the same femoral fracture and there is no significant variation in the femur length with height, upper segment and lower segment variation in the same individ

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy in targeted screening diabetic patients (Group I) with newly diagnosed diabetic patients in general practice (Group II).

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis was an observational cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from 25,313 subjects who participated in the diabetic screening camps, and 128 newly diagnosed diabetes who presented to the diabetic retinopathy screening camps in general practice in rural and urban south India. The study variables were collected from all patients who underwent eye examination from the target screening detected diabetics [(n = 173) Group I] and those newly diagnosed in general practice [(n = 128) Group II]. The variations in prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Group I and Group II and the factors affecting it were identified.

RESULTSThe occurrence of diabetic retinopathy was 6.35% (95% CI, 2.5-9.5) in Group I and 11.71% (95% CI, 5.6-16.4) in Group II. No significant difference was observed on occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, including sightthreatening retinopathy, in rural versus urban population and in Group I versus Group II. Patients diagnosed in general practice (Group II) with systolic blood pressure (BP) >140 were more likely to have retinopathy (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONSDiabetic retinopathy including sightthreatening complications was found at the time of diagnosis of diabetes in the targeted screening group as well as in newly diagnosed diabetics in the general practice group.

Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Family Practice ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; India ; epidemiology ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

BACKGROUND: Tooth extraction commonly leads to loss of residual alveolar ridge, thus compromising the room available for the implant placement. To combat the post-extraction alveolar loss, alveolar ridge preservation is practiced, with the advent of the biomaterial available. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of calcium phosphosilicate biomaterial in alveolar ridge preservation. Twenty patients indicated for extraction were selected followed by socket grafting using calcium phosphosilicate. Implant placement was done 6 months postoperatively during which a core was harvested from the preserved sockets. Clinico-radiographic measurements of hard and soft tissues were taken at baseline and 6 months post-grafting. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the radiographic and soft tissue parameters while significant changes in hard tissue parameters with 1.9 mm (p = 0.013) gain in mid-buccal aspect and 1.1 mm (p = 0.019) loss in horizontal bone width were observed. The histomorphometric evaluation depicted the vital bone volume of 54.5 ± 16.76%, non-mineralized tissue 43.50 ± 15.80%, and residual material 2.00 ± 3.37%. CONCLUSION The implants placed in these preserved ridges presented 100% success rate with acceptable stability after a 1-year follow-up, concluding calcium phosphosilicate is a predictable biomaterial in alveolar ridge preservation.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is a transcriptional coactivator that binds to a diverse range of transcription factors. PPAR coactivator 1 (PGC-1) coactivators possess an extensive range of biological effects in different tissues, and play a key part in the regulation of the oxidative metabolism, consequently modulating the production of reactive oxygen species, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Owing to these findings, a large body of studies, aiming to establish the role of PGC-1 in the neuromuscular system, has shown that PGC-1 could be a promising target for therapies targeting neuromuscular diseases. Among these, some evidence has shown that various signaling pathways linked to PGC-1 are deregulated in muscular dystrophy, leading to a reduced capacity for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In the light of these results, any intervention aimed at activating PGC-1 could contribute towards ameliorating the progression of muscular dystrophies. PGC-1 is influenced by different patho-physiological/pharmacological stimuli. Natural products have been reported to display modulatory effects on PPAR activation with fewer side effects in comparison to synthetic drugs. Taken together, this review summarizes the current knowledge on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, focusing on the potential effects of natural compounds, acting as regulators of PGC-1.