PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the stress-coping process used by elderly people. METHOD: This study was based on the grounded theory methodology of Strauss & Corbin. The participants were 15 elders selected by theoretical sampling. Over a period of 3 months, in-depth interviews using audiotape recording were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded in categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. RESULT: Stress in elderly people is caused by illness, family conflict, and loss of economic power. Stress occurred in connection with aging and limitation of social activity. The central incidents for stress were fear, alienation and anxiety. It was found that action/interactional strategies of stress-coping behavior were related to social support and mobility disorders. Action/interactional strategies to stress-coping in elderly people were dependent on medical treatment, mind control, participation of social activity, and renunciation of offensive behavior. Stress-coping in elderly people resulted in stability or instability in body and mind. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the results of this study may contribute to the development stress-coping strategies for elderly people. There is need to develop social support systems and a positive environment to avoid negative coping strategies.
Aged* ; Aging ; Anxiety ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Family Conflict ; Humans ; Tape Recording

The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 12 mothers who have cared for a child who had chronic illness. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 34 concepts were identified as a result of analyzing the grounded data. Ten categories were lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, negative change, anxiety, devotion, normalization and burn-out. Causal conditions included : lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity and change ; central phenomena : anxiety, being perplexed ; context : seriousness of illness, support ; intervening condition : belief ; action/interaction strategies : devotion, overprotection ; consequences : normalization, burn-out. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-anxiety. The process of experiencing uncertainty was 1) Entering the world of uncertainty, 2) Struggling in the tunnel of uncertainty, 3) Reconstruction of the situation of uncertainty. Four hypotheses were derived from the analysis : (1) The higher the lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, change, the higher the level of uncertainty (2) The more serious the illness and the less the support, the higher the level of uncertainty. (3) The positive believes will influence the devoted care and normalization of the family life. Through this substantive theory, pediatric nurses can understand the process of experiencing maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other uncertainties may contribute to a formal theory of how normalization is achieved in the family with chronically ill child.
Anxiety ; Child ; Chronic Disease* ; Humans ; Mothers ; Qualitative Research ; Research Personnel ; Tape Recording ; Uncertainty* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The anxiety and stress of nursing students on performance intramuscular injection diminished nursing skill performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the guided imagery program on anxiety, stress and nursing skill performance of nursing students. METHOD: The study design was time series with a nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest study. The Data were collected from the 30th of Oct. to the 6th of Nov. 2001. The objects of this study were 36 sophomores of university(18 for the experimental group, 18 for the control group). The Instruments used in this study were State Trait Anxiety Inventory developed by Spielberger (1972), Visual Analogue Scale for Stress and Nursing skill performance developed by the researcher. The guided imagery was provided through audiotapes to the subjects for 8 minutes. The pretest was given before the therapy to measure variables for both groups and the posttests were performed after intervention. The data were analyzed by the SAS program using t-test and paired t-test. RESULT: The results of this study are as follows. The level of anxiety of students who received the guided imagery were significantly lower than that of control group. the level of stress had a deeling tendency and the nursing skill performance level was significantly higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION: The guided imagery suggested as an effective nursing intervention did reduce the anxiety and promoted nursing skill performance of nursing students.
Anxiety ; Humans ; Imagery (Psychotherapy)* ; Injections, Intramuscular* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing* ; Tape Recording

The purpose of this study was about the experience of middle aged women's aging process. The qualitative research method used was the phenomenological approach. This study tried to discover meaning of life and to understand real experiences of their life and to explore the essence of middle aged women's experience of aging. Furthermore, this study tried to establish of concept of middle age women's holistic health and to help of theoretical development to improve the health. The interviewees were 12 members. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigators over a period of five months. The data were analyzed Colaizzi method, new data were continuously coded into statements, cored meanings, themes, groups of themes, and categories. The data were separated into 4 categories; body change, feeling the miss, wise coping and planning the future. The group of themes belonging to 4 categories were body change, sexual change; fleeting, tiredness, attachment of the youth; acceptance, a situation as the adult, fill up the hollow feeling, management body; dying peacefully, preparing for the senior age, being ready to pass away.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aging* ; Holistic Health ; Humans ; Middle Aged* ; Qualitative Research ; Research Personnel ; Tape Recording

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to conduct a grounded theoretical analysis on the hospital accreditation experience of head nurses in order to understand their behavior on the adaption of this new system. METHODS: The participants were 8 head nurses with more than 3 years of experience. The data were collected through in-depth interviews using audiotape recording analyzed by the constant comparative method described in Strauss and Corbin's methodology. RESULTS: There were 113 concepts, 26 subcategories and 12 categories identified through the open coding process. In the axial coding, the following paradigm model was proposed: 1) the causal conditions were ‘hardware problem’ and ‘software problem’, 2) the contextual conditions were ‘vertical relationship’, ‘individual preference’, and ‘family support’, 3) the intervening conditions were ‘passive conditions’ and ‘active conditions’, 4) the action/interaction strategies were ‘leading role’ and ‘dependent role’, 5) the consequences were ‘positive acceptance’ and ‘negative acceptance’, 6) the central phenomenon was ‘difficult situation’ and 7) the core category was ‘leading in harmony’. CONCLUSION: The new system led head nurses having difficulties as the middleman between the hospital administration and general nurses, but they made a continuous effort to overcome and adapt to it through a number of strategies.
Accreditation* ; Clinical Coding ; Grounded Theory ; Head* ; Hospital Administration ; Hospitals, General* ; Methods ; Nursing, Supervisory* ; Tape Recording

BACKGROUND: Family doctors are usually point of contact when the elderly think their death is imminent. To properly treat their disease and to provide good care of them and their families, family doctors must know the elderly's perception of a good death and dying. The purpose of this study was to investigate the components of a good death from the elderly. METHODS: We composed 9 questions focusing on good death and dying. A family medicine resident interviewed 35 people ages sixty five or over in Cheonan Welfare Center. The contents were recorded into audiotapes, and then translated and analyzed by quantitative method and coding technique. RESULTS: Among the total 35 respondents, many elders answered that they had thought about death and that the meaning of a death was the end of life, or transition from one world to another in religious belief. In their dying, they hoped that they would be with their offspring or spouse and that they would be in their home or hospital. Old people identified 8 major components of a good death: proper age, death without disease, death before death of their offspring and spouse, dying when whole family get together, death after seeing their family happy, death during sleep, and death without pain. They pointed out that the most meaningful event in their lives were related to their family, occupation and society. CONCLUSION: The elderly identified a good death in view of family as well as personal conditions such as proper age, a death without pain or disease. And most elderly pointed out that meaningful events in their lives were related to their family, occupation and society.
Aged* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Clinical Coding ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Euthanasia ; Hope ; Humans ; Occupations ; Religion ; Spouses ; Tape Recording

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore NVP process in woman. METHOD: This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin. The participant were 12 women selected by theoretical sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recording over a period of five months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded in categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin' methodology. RESULT: NVP is caused by having an empty stomach and irritation of smell. NVP occur in connection with environmental change and overworking. The central incident about NVP in Woman were aggravation of physical condition and irritability of emotional state. Intervening condition that conclude action/interational strategies of NVP -Coping behavior is related to family support. Action/interational strategies to NVP-Coping in woman were dependence on medical treatment, change in food intake, rest, removal of smell, conversion in attention.. NVP in woman result in ambivalence. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the result of this study may contributed to the development NVP-coping strategy for woman. There is need to develop family support system and individualized care plan respect to food favorite.
Eating ; Female ; Grounded Theory* ; Humans ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum ; Methods ; Nausea* ; Pregnancy ; Smell ; Stomach ; Tape Recording ; Vomiting*

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the guided imagery program on stress of adolescents. The study design was nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest study. The Data were collected from the 1st to 30th of September in 2000. Two schools were selected as an experimental group and a control group. Each group included two classes. The experimental group was consisted of 40 male students and 42 female students and the control group was consisted of 41 males and 42 females. The guided imagery was provided with audiotapes to the subjects in the classroom for 8 minutes per each therapy, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. The pretest was given before the therapy to measure variables for both groups and the posttests were performed twice after 2 weeks and 4 weeks from the start of intervention. The Instruments used in this study were perception of stress scale developed by Park(1996), Vividness of Imagery Scale; short form of bett's test scale developed by Sheenhan(1967). The data were analyzed by the SAS program using Chi-square test, t-test, repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni correction. The results of this study are as follows: "The level of stress of adolescents who received the guided imagery will be significantly lower than that of control group" was supported(F=10.14, p=.00). In conclusion, the guided imagery was suggested as an effective nursing intervention did reduce the stress of adolescents which school nurses could utilize for adolescents at school.
Adolescent* ; Female ; Humans ; Imagery (Psychotherapy)* ; Male ; Nursing ; Tape Recording ; Child Health

PURPOSE: Purpose of this study was to explore the process of menopause experiences in middle-aged women. METHOD: The grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin was the basis for this study. The participants were 15 middle-aged women selected by theoretical sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recording analyzed simultaneously by the constant comparative method described in Strauss and Corbin's methodology. RESULTS: Experiencerelated to menopause in middle-aged women is caused by cognition of the aging process, difficult problems in family that occur with limitation of social activity, and perception of changingseasons. The central incident of menopause in middle-aged women was loss of the woman's identity. Intervening conditions, which are action/interactional strategies for menopause, are related to social support. Action/interactional strategies related to menopause management included medical treatment, mind control, and participation in social activity. Experiencerelated to menopause in middle-aged women resulted in comfort or discomfot of physical and emotional condition. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study may contribute to the development health promotion strategy for middle-aged women. There is need to develop family support systems and preventive nursing interventions to avoid negative coping strategy.
Aging ; Cognition ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Tape Recording

To assess the role of multiple factors in influencing occurrence of ventricular premature complexes after acute myocardial infarction twenty-four hour Holter electrocardiographic tape recording were made in 40 survivors of an acute myocardial infarction 10 to 20days after attack. Ventricular premature complexes in the early post infarction period were not correlated with left ventricular function, age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, previous angina, and previous myocardial infarction. The occurrence of ventricular premature complexes showed a positive correlation with the occurrence of ST-T change. The occurrence of ventricular premature complexes during sleep hours was compared to the awake state. In 22 patients, the incidence of ventricular premature complexes are excluded from analysis, the 22 of patients, or in 76 percent, sleep was associated with a lowered occurrence of ventricular extrasystoles.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infarction ; Myocardial Infarction ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Survivors ; Tape Recording ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Ventricular Premature Complexes*