Objective:To retrieve, evaluate and summarize the relevant evidence of subcutaneous injection in patients to reduce pain at the injection site, so as to provide reference for clinical practice.Methods:According to the evidence pyramid "6S" model, all evidence on subcutaneous injection and injection site pain, including guidelines, expert consensus, summary of evidence, clinical decision, systematic review, etc were retrieved from domestic and international guideline networks and databases. The search period was from database establishment to October 2, 2022. The literature quality evaluation and evidence grading system of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Evidence-based Health Care Center was used to evaluate the literature quality and classify the evidence level.Results:A total of 12 articles were included, including 2 expert consensus, 6 systematic reviews, 2 best evidence summaries and 2 clinical guidelines. A total of 21 pieces of best evidence were summarized from 8 aspects, including pre-subcutaneous injection assessment, injection site, injection needle, injection position, injection method, precautions, personnel training and health education.Conclusions:This study summarized a comprehensive and practical subcutaneous injection method. Clinical practitioners can use evidence to administer subcutaneous injection to patients, reduce pain and improve patients ′ comfort.

Objective Based on the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectormetry (LC-MS/MS), to study the effects of Pogostemon cablin on serum metabolism of Guizhou miniature pigs， and to explore its pharmacological mechanism.MethodsNine healthy Guizhou miniature pigs were divided into two groups, namely Pogostemon cablin drug group (n=5) and control group (n=4). The pigs in Pogostemon cablin drug group were orally fed with traditional Chinese medicine formula granules, each 0.5 g per day, for consecutive 8 days, while those in control group were given normal feeding without additional treatment. After the feeding experiment, serum samples were collected and analyzed using the LC-MS/MS technology. The metabolomics data was annotated and compared with KEGG, HMDB and Lipidmaps databases. Bioinformatics analysis methods including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), intergroup clustering, differential metabolite analysis and functional enrichment were used to screen differential metabolic biomarkers and their possible metabolic pathways.Results Forty-four differential metabolites (P<0.05) were screened out from the 443 metabolites, eight differential metabolites were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01), namely cinnamoylglycine, N-benzyl-N-isopropyl-N'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]urea, hypotaurine, D-glucose 6-phosphate, cis-2-decenoic acid, 11(Z),14(Z)-eicosadienoic acid, prostaglandin A2 and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, and three differential metabolites were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01), namely lysophosphatidyl choline 22:5, lysophosphatidic acid 22:6 and lysophosphatidic acid 22:5. The differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism (MapID: map00250) and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism (MapID: map00430).Conclusion Pogostemon cablin can significantly affect the metabolism of lysophosphatidic acids in porcine, and relieve the disorder of amino acids metabolism and regulate the occurrence of inflammation by affecting the metabolic pathways of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.