AIM: To observe the effect of ginkgolide B (CB) on the intracellular calcium ion concentration ( [ Ca~(2+) ]_i) and mitochondrial function of cultured rat retinal neurons in vitro. METHODS: in vitro primary culture of rat retinal neurons was used in the experiment. The apoptosis model of glutamate - induced retinal neurons was established and co - cultured with ginkgolide B. The [ Ca~(2+) ]_i and mitochondrial membrane potential of the retinal neurons were detected by laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS: Glutamate decreased the survival rate of retinal neurons, increased the apoptosis and the [ Ca~(2+) ]_i, lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential. The [ Ca~(2+) ]_i was clearly diminished and the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased with the GB intervention, and the apoptosis decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: GB protects retinal neurons from glutamate induced neurotoxicity. The effect of GB on retinal neurons might be due to its ability to decrease the [Ca~(2+) ]_i and increase mitochondrial membrane potential.

Objective To investigated the efficacy and toxic effects of combined chemotherapy of vinorelbine plus cisplatin or carboplatin in patients aged ≥ 70 years and with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods One hundred patients with lung cancer aged ≥70 years were enrolled in the study.Fifty patients in chemotherapy group were assigned to receive vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 at the first day and the fifth day plus cisplatin 60-70 mg/m2 or carboplatin 250 mg/m2 at the second day.All treatments were repeated every 3 or 4 weeks.Another fifty patients aged ≥ 70 years were taken as control group, not receiving treatment.The primary endpoint was survival.Results Forty-five patients were evaluable for response and the partial remission rate was 35.6% (16/45).One year survival rate was 37.8% and median survival time was 9.75 months in chemotherapy group.The median survival time was 4.0 months for patients in control group.All 50 patients in chemotherapy group were evaluable for toxic side effects.WHO grade Ⅲ incidences of leucopoenia, neutropenia and anemia were 38.0%, 52.0% and 2.2%, respectively.Grade IV incidence of neutropenia was 35.5%.WHO grade Ⅲ incidences of fatigue, constipation and vomit were 22.0%, 8.0% and 14.8%,respectively.Five patients failed to complete the treatment due to side effects.Conclusions Combined chemotherapy of vinorelbine plus platinum drugs is effective and tolerated in patients aged over 70 years with advanced NSCLC.Even patients with stable clinical effects shows benefit of survival time.

Data mining, as known as knowledge discovery in databases, is a non-trivial process of revealing the implied, previously unknown and potentially useful information from the massive data. In recently years, the applications of data mining in the field of pharmaceutical research of traditional Chinese medicine have widespread. Especially in the field of the heritage of experiences of na-tional medical masters, data mining plays an important role. In this study, we would expound of the use of methods of data mining in the heritage of experiences of national medical masters, and analyze their advantages and disadvantages, such as association rules, Bayesian networks, neural networks, and decision trees.
Data Mining ; Databases, Pharmaceutical ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neural Networks (Computer)

AIM:To observe the effect of ginkgolide B (GB) on the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) and mitochondrial function of cultured rat retinal neurons in vitro.METHODS:in vitro primary culture of rat retinal neurons was used in the experiment. The apoptosis model of glutamate-induced retinal neurons was established and co-cultured with ginkgolide B. The [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial membrane potential of the retinal neurons were detected by laser scanning confocal microscope.RESULTS:Glutamate decreased the survival rate of retinal neurons,increased the apoptosis and the [Ca2+]i,lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential. The [Ca2+]i was clearly diminished and the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased with the GB intervention,and the apoptosis decreased significantly.CONCLUSION:GB protects retinal neurons from glutamate induced neurotoxicity. The effect of GB on retinal neurons might be due to its ability to decrease the [Ca2+]i and increase mitochondrial membrane potential.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the knowledge situation about prevention and treatment of oral infective diseases in diabetic inpatients and analyze the effects of education intervention.METHODS In this study,100 cases of diabetic patients with oral infective diseases were studied by questionnaires and educated on prevention and treatment of oral infective diseases.Comparison was made to evaluate improvement of knowledge about prevention and treatment of oral infective diseases.RESULTS Diabetic inpatients learnt less about the etiology,clinical manifestations and prevention and treatment of oral infective diseases.After individualized education,patients′ relevant knowledge levels were significantly increased(P

Background Ginkgolide B (GB) has been proved to have neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects and can effectively inhibit apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells.But the high hydrophobic feature and low bioavailability of GB limit its clinical application.Self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) can effectively improve the infusibility drug dissolution and bioavailability in the retina.Objective This study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and drug-time change of GB-loaded SMEDDS in retina.Methods Eighty SD rats were randomized into 2 groups,2.5％ GB(40 mg/kg) of SMEDDS or GB suspension(0.1％ DMSO dissolve) were gastrically given respectively in two groups.The rats were sacrificed and retinas were isolated 15,30,45 minutes and 1 hour,2,4,8,12 hours to prepare the retinal suspension.The content of GB in retina was assayed with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-(1) (1)ss spectrum (HPLC-ESI-MS) and contrasted with standard curve.Practical drug dynamics program 3p87 was used to detect the pharmacokinetics parameters.The maximal content(Cmax,mg/g),time to peak (Tmax,h),clearance ratio (Ke/h),high-life period (t1/2) and area under the concentration-time curve(AUC0-∞,mg/(g · h)) of GB in various time points in retina after a single oral dose were calculated and compared between two groups.Results The standard curve was obtained over the concentration range of 1-32 mg/L with a linear regression equation,Y =0.0732X + 0.056 (r =0.992).A similar content-time curve was seen between GB suspension group and GB-SMEDDS group.The GB content was higher in GB-SMEDDS group than that in GB suspension group from 30 minutes through 12 hours after administration of drugs.The Cmax of GB-SMEDDS group and GB suspension group were(15.83±1.84) mg/g and(2.65±0.10) mg/g,the AUC0-∞ were(15.30±0.11)mg/(g· h)and(6.42±0.19)mg/(g · h).Conclusions HPLC-ESI-MS is proved to be a rapid,accurate,sensitive and suitable method for pharmocokinetic study of GB.SMEDDS can raise the concent of GB in retina,and it probably improve the bioavailability of GB.

Objective To explore the relationship between left ventricular diastolic function and the dynamic changes of myocardial ultrastructure and argyrophilic fiber in diabetic rats on the different periods of lesions(week 4,12 and 24).Methods The diabetes mellitus(DM)in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin(STZ,Sigma)into intraperitoneal at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight.The left ventricular diastolic function was measured by Color Doppler Flow Imaging-Pulsed Wave(CDFIPW)and Doppler Tissue Imaging(DTI)echocardiography.Heart tissue at the apex was obtained rapidly for transmission electron microscope study.Argyrophilic staining was used in the study of argyrophilic fiber volume fraction(APFVF)in heart interstitial tissue.Results Diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle was detected in STZinduced diabetic rats by CDFI-PW(E/A ＜ 1)at week 4,and progressed gradually.Pseudonormal filling (E/A ＞ 1)was found in diabetic rats at week 24,which could be identified by DTI(Ea/Aa ＜ 1).Diastolic function of normal rats was not impaired(E/A ＞ 1 and Ea/Aa ＞ 1).Transmission electron microscopy revealed a spectrum of subcellular remodeling in myocardium which was characterized by myofibril content decrease,disorganization,mitochondrial degeneration,sarcoplasmic reticulum,structural disorder.Compared with the control group,APFVF in myocardium was increased significantly in diabetic rats(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The diastolic dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats correlates with damage of ultrastructure and increase of myocardial argyrophilic fiber.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease in which inflammation plays a central role.This study aimed to investigate the association of inflammatory markers such as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR),the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score with in-hospital mortality of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in an attempt to explore the prognostic value of these indices for elderly AMI patients.One thousand consecutive CAD patients were divided into two groups based on age 60.The laboratory and clinical characteristics were assessed retrospectively by reviewing the medical records.The NLR and GRACE score were calculated.In the elderly (≥60 years),patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) had significantly higher NLR than did those with unstable angina (UA) and stable angina pectoris (SAP) (P＜0.01).The NLR was considerably elevated in older AMI patients compared with their younger counterparts (＜60 years) (P＜0.05).In elderly AMI patients,the NLR was considerably higher in the high-risk group than in both the low-risk and medium-risk groups based on the GRACE score (P＜0.05 and P＜0.01,respectively),and the NLR was positively correlated with the GRACE score (r=0.322,P＜0.001).Either the NLR level or the GRACE score was significantly higher in the death group than in the surviving group (P＜0.05).By curve receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis,the optimal cut-off levels of 9.41 for NLR and 174 for GRACE score predicted in-hospital death [ROC area under the curve (AUC) 0.771 and 0.787,respectively,P＜0.001].It was concluded that an elevated NLR is a potential predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with AMI.

Objectives:Economic growth and rapid development of health technology in China have created opportunities to strengthen health technology assessment (HTA) capacity.Over the time,HTA institutions have been established to conduct HTA related work.This study reviewed the current status of HTA in China and analysed the challenges of HTA development in the context of health reform under"new normal"economy.Methods:Literature review and webpage searches were used to document the development of HTA in China.An institutional survey has also been conducted to collect information on the HTA research institutions in China.Results:The number of articles and research projects on HTA were rising and are continuing to rise.HTA development has made substantial progress in China in terms of growing number of research institutions and qualified HTA workforce.However,HTA has notable weaknesses such as low capacity for conducting HTA research,limited experience in HTA researchers,and lack of knowledge translation.Conclusion:Currently,the translation of HTA findings to policy-making is limited and the integration of HTA in the policy-making processes is still in its infancy.The HTA development in China has had opportunities due to demands of health care,health insurance,and health technology as a result of health reform.Capacity building and institutionalization of HTA are urgently needed for further development of HTA in China.

Objective To explore the possible pathogenesis of chronic posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus by observing the expression of AQP1 on rats after experimental intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods Fourty-five rats were randomly divided into normal control(n=5),sham-operated(n=20)and experimental(n=20)groups.The 0.1mL saline and 0.1mL citrated autologous blood were injected into the lateral ventricle of the rats in the sham-operated and the experimental groups,respectively.The later two groups were divided into four subgroups according to different time points at 3,7,14 and 30 d(n=5).The change of protein expression of AQP1 at different time points of bleeding were detected by immunohistochemical techniques and that of mRNA expression of AQP1 was obsevred by in situ hybridization,respectively.and then,the possible pathogenesis of chronic posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was discussed. Results At the time point of 30 d after intraventricular hemordmge,chronic hydrocephalus appeared in 4 rats(80%)in the experimental group.High protein expression of AQP1 was found in the apical of cuboidal epithelium of choroids plexus,the ependyma, the pia mater, the arachnoid and the dura in the normal control group;the protein expression of AQP1 gradually weakened in the experimental group 3 d aftea intraventricular hemorrhage and dropped to the bottom on the 14th d,which was significantly different from the normal control and sham-operative groups(P<0.05).The mRNA expression of AQP1 was weaker than the protein expression of AQP1,and the expression locations of them were basically in concordance. Conclusion AQP1 is involved not only in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid,but also in the process of the CSF absorption.The decrease of CSF absorption induced by the decreased expression of AQP1 after intraventrieular hemorrhage in rats may also relate to the development of chronic posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.