Leg edema following the harvest of great saphenous vein (SV) is sometimes recognized after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Maximum venous outflow (MVO) is one of the parameters of leg venous function which is measured by straingauge plethysmography. To clarify the mechanism of the development of leg edema after CABG, we measured the perioperative MVO. Six patients had leg edema afer CABG (group I), 4 patients had no edema after CABG (group II). Six patients without edema after cardiac surgery, apart from CABG, were selected as controls (group III). The MVO of both legs was measured before and after the operation. In group I, venous echo or venography of the leg, or both, were performed after the operation. The MVO of legs from which SV had been harvested in group I decreased from 35.0±13.6 (ml/min/ 100ml tissue) to 23.9±7.6 (p=0.04) after the operation, but did not differ from the MVO of the contralateral leg. The preoperative MVO of legs from which SV had been harvested in group I was slightly higher than the legs of other groups. There was no significant change of MVO in group II or III after surgery. No deep vein thrombosis was shown in group I by venous echo and venography. Left ventricular ejection fraction, blood cell count and serum chemistry indicated no changes in any of the three groups after the operation except for the hemoglobin level in group I. These results suggested that the leg which had edema had a relatively high MVO before the operation. This MVO significantly decreased to the level of leg from which SV had not been harvested after the operation, and the edema appeared. In conclusion, postoperative edema in the leg from which SV was harvested was the result of a decrease in venous function due to removal of the SV. SV which causes leg edema might play the greater part of the venous return than others and the total function of the venous return was higher than normal at the point of preoperation.

In 31 asthmatic children, we investigated the change of the structure on the time of living, an amount of exercise by pedmeter and measured pulmonary ventilatory function during 28 weeks swimming training.
The result showed 58.07% of contribution factor to the structure on the time of living on children with asthma and dynamic play time after school were significantly shorter in asthmatic than non-asthmatic children (p<0.05) . After 28 weeks, we could not find any significantly differences of dynamic play time between asthmatic and nonasthmatic children.
An amount of exercise in daily life from the point of view of walking step number by pedmeter were significantly less in aged 6-9 years boys and girls, and aged 10-12 years boys than non-asthmatic children (respectively, p<0.05, p<0.01) . However, after 28 weeks, we could not find any differences between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children.
Forced vital capacity (FVC) and rate of forced expiratory volume on one second (% FEV_1.0) were increased after 28 weeks than the begining of swimming, and we found the strength of their breathing muscles.
On according to perform the great swimming distances (averages 220m in boys, 325m in girls), all asthmatic children became very lively and actively.

We determined cross sectional area of stent and lumen of iliac arterial lesions before and after deployment of Palmaz stents using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Stent deployment was performed in 43 patients with 47 lesions. Cross sectional images were recorded using IVUS in the proximal (P), center (C), and distal portion (D) of the stent in the iliac lesions before, immediately after, and 6 months after the deployment of stent. The initial success rate was 100%. Ultrasound images were analyzed for lumen, intra-stent and intimal proliferation area.The lumen area dilated significantly from 9.9±7.1mm² to 32.7±9.4 after the stent deployment. The intra-stent cross sectional area right after the treatment did not show any difference among the 3 portions. The mean stent area after 6 months was 32.8±8.4mm², without significant stent recoil. The lumen (=intra-stent) area after stent deployment were P: 338±9.7mm², C: 30.9±9.0, and D: 32.7±8.6. The lumen of the center portion had a tendency to be smaller than that of the proximal or distal portions. After 6 months, the intra-stent area was P: 33.5±9.2mm², C: 31.5±7.7, and D: 33.3±8.3 and the lumen area was P: 31.3±10.4mm², C: 28.2±8.9, and D: 29.4±10.5. Stent recoil was not observed but minimal dilatation was noted in the center and distal portions. The lumen area after 6 months became smaller than that immediately after the treatments due to intimal proliferation and stent deformation. The lumen area in the center portion had a tendency to be smaller than that of the proximal portion. The rates of change in the lumen area were P: -6.7±5.6%, C: -98±6.4% and D: -12.4±9.9. This showed a tendency for the lumen of the distal portion to be smaller than that of the proximal portion due to intimal proliferation. The intimal proliferation rates showed a tendency to be higher toward distal sites, but the narrowest portion in the stent was its center. The long-term patency diagnosed by angiography was 92.3% in 6 months and 89.5% in 12 and 24 months. IVUS is useful for evaluation of iliac stent deployment. The Palmaz stent was a very effective treatment for the iliac arterial lesions, protecting against vascular recoil.

Purpose: Intra-abdominal infection is a common postoperative complication of laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomies (PPGs). Many studies have reported that intra-abdominal infectious complications after gastrectomy adversely affect patient survival outcomes. To prevent gastric fluid leakage into the abdominal cavity, we developed a novel anastomosis method in which the stomach lumen is not opened (termed the non-opened clean end-toend anastomosis method [NoCEAM]) and evaluated its feasibility. Materials and Methods: Subsequent to lymphadenectomy, the oral and anal resection lines were sutured using an intraoperative endoscope. After closing the stomach circumferentially with clips, the specimen was rolled outward like a “donut.” We resected the specimen circumferentially using a linear stapler, and anastomosis was completed simultaneously.We examined the feasibility of this procedure ex vivo, using three porcine stomachs, and in vivo, using one pig. Subsequently, we applied the procedure to 13 consecutive patients with middle-third early gastric cancer utilizing laparotomic, laparoscopic, and robotic PPG. Results: NoCEAM was completed in all porcine models and human cases. In the human cases, the mean operation time (±standard deviation) was 279±51 minutes, and mean blood loss volume was 22±45 mL. The mean number of linear staples used was 5.06±0.76. None of the patients had complications, and all were discharged on the eighth postoperative. The serum total protein, serum albumin, and hemoglobin levels did not change significantly after surgery. Conclusions NoCEAM is feasible and safe for performing totally laparoscopic or robotic PPG. It may reduce postoperative complications, such as intra-abdominal infections.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to establish reference concentrations of urinary strontium by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).

METHODSFor the determination of strontium, urine samples were collected from healthy Japanese (n=146; 115 males, 31 females; mean age, 33±9 years; age range, 18 to 58 years). The urine samples stored at or below -20°C were thawed with incubation at 40°C for 30 min and sediments were dissolved by vigorous shakings. Then, the samples were centrifuged at 3000 g for 5 min, and the supernatant was directly aspired into a P-5200-3600/1200 ICP-AES system from Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

RESULTSA steeper increase in the S/N ratio and a good effective linearity of the calibration line was obtained at 407.771 nm in the range of 0-300 μg/L strontium standard solution. Urine samples having the same background signal as that of 18 MΩ cm ultrapure blank water, a good correspondence of the single peak pattern of the spectra, accuracy and precision of spike recovery were also confirmed. Urinary strontium concentrations showed a log-normal distribution and a geometric mean concentration of 143.9 μg/L, with 5-95% confidential interval of 40.9-505.8 μg/L.

CONCLUSIONThe results of this study will be useful as guidelines for the biological monitoring of strontium in normal subjects and in individuals therapeutically or environmentally exposed to strontium.