The practical use of abdominal examination is a major characteristic of Kampo medicine. Although most Kampo medical texts describe an abdominal examination for a Kampo formula, comparative studies between texts have not contributed to any standardized descriptions for such examinations. We investigated descriptions of 147 prescription Kampo extract formulations in Kampo texts written after the Showa Era, and obtained the following results. Abdominal examinations were described differently by authors, even for the same prescription. Additionally, we examined the descriptions for anchusan (安中散) and kososan (香蘇散), which are called the Gosei school formulae (後世方). Descriptions of abdominal examinations for these drugs were not quoted from an original Chinese medical text, but were empirically constituted in Japan. As knowledge was accumulated, these various descriptions were created through limited personal connections, and/or the opinions of particular authorities. We suggest that a consensus on abdominal examinations would further studies on the viability of traditional medicines, and better characterize Kampo medicine.

Although body mass is known to be related to bone mass, defined as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), little is known about the effects of body mass reduction programs on bone mass. This study assessed bone mass changes in response to four body mass reduction programs that utilized diet and/or exercise. Ninety-four obese or overweight women (age 49.3±7.1 years, body mass 68.5±7.7 kg) were randomly assigned 4 groups (2 intervention forms × 2 trials) : diet in trial 1 (D₁, n=27), diet plus exercise in trial 1 (DE₁, n=28), diet in trial 2 (D₂, n=21), and diet plus exercise in trial 2 (DE₂, n=18) . Body mass, body mass index (BMI), absolute and relative (%fat) fat mass, lean mass, BMC, and BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after the 3-month intervention program. Body mass loss was similar in DI (-9.7%) and D₂ (-11.6%), and in DE₁ (-13.8%) and DE₂ (-12.2%) . However, BMC loss was different (P<0.05) between trial 1 and trial 2 for each intervention form (D₁: -3.2% vs D₂ ; -0.9%, DE₁: -4.5% vs DE₂: -0.8%) . With this in mind, multiple regression analyses were applied, with either change in BMC or BMD as the dependent variable, and other physical characteristics measured before and after the intervention program as independent variables. Results indicated that multiple correlation coefficients were statistically significant (R=0.61 with BMC, R=0.49 with BMD) . BMI after the intervention program and change in body mass were identified as the significant contributors to the change in BMC, while change in %fat and age were identified as the significant contributors to the change in BMD. These results suggest that, during body mass reduction, (1) physical characteristics are the significant contributors to changes in BMC and BMD and (2) exercise may not prevent the loss of bone mass.

We developed a problem-oriented simulation system for medical diagnosis which works on personal computers without special equipment. In this simulation system the history of illness can be presented by voice, and physical findings are presented audiovisually through the student's actions, in a manner that closely resembles an actual medical examination. The laboratory findings are also presented through the student's actions. Students compile a database with information that they collect, create a problem list, and devise an initial diagnostic plan for the patient's most important problem. This computer-assisted system will help medical students learn diagnostic strategies in a simulated clinical setting. We believe that this system is a promising method that will facilitate problem-oriented learning in the virtual multimedia environment with special convenience for medical students to share time and facilities and to lower costs.

As a management improvement tool useful for cost containment and adaptable to the trend of reform in recent years, we introduced the SPD system of medical materials. Since there had been no precedent for the introduction of the SPD system in the hospitals affiliated with Kouseiren and even for the dealer it was the first trial, an original system was built. The quantity of materials in stock was fixed by entrusting, so-called the shelf control system. This system has been left in charge of one hospital employee and one individual employed by the dealer.The condition at the time when this system was introduced was not to increase personnel but to lower costs. The maintenance costs of this system were as cheap as 137,700 yen per month on a five-year lease. As a result, the quantity of inventory at the time of the term-end settlement of accounts reduced by about 18 million yen. Moreover, in marked contrast with increased income, the amount of money expended in the purchase of medical materials decreased from that in the pervious year. Though the number of items used in each department has increased by 480 items now from the start, the inventory is 0 yen.This system is very useful especially for the inventory management of specific insurance medical materials, because it can take in insurance claim data on MO (Magneto Optical Disk), compare it with the purchase data of materials and check the income-and-expenditure balance of specific insurance medical materials immediately. The sum of the amount of temporary stock curtailment for the past two years and six months and the annual purchase curtailment amount was 93,380,000 yen.It is concluded that the introduction of the SPD system has contributed much to the improvement of inventory management.
Insurance ; System ; Reduction - action ; Effective ; Original

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and health-related Quality of Life (QOL) in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Methods: Sixty healthy middle-aged and elderly individuals were assigned randomly to a CoQ10 supplementation group (n = 30) or a placebo supplementation group (n = 30) using a double blind method. Subjects took 150 mg CoQ10 or placebo per day for 8 weeks. Salivary SIgA secretion rate and SF-36 test (physical and mental health-related QOL) were determined before and after the intervention. Results: CoQ10 group showed that a tendency to increase of salivary SIgA secretion rate (p = 0.08), although placebo group did not show significant change. Physical health-related QOL did not significantly change in both groups. Vitality and mental health scores, which were subscale of mental health-related QOL, were significantly increased after the intervention in CoQ10 group (p < 0.05), although placebo group did not show significant change. Conclusion: 8 weeks of CoQ10 supplementation may bolster SIgA-mediated oral immunity and mental health-related QOL in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

The present study was carried out to investigate differences in hormonal and metabolic responses to moderate exercise in the post-absorptive state and during a 33-hour fast. Secretory factors and the roles of regulatory hormones of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during moderate exercise were assessed baesed on these data. Energy substrates in the blood (glucose, BG; lactate, LA; triglyceride, TG; free fatty acids, FFA; free glycerol, FG) and plasma hormones (ACTH; GH; Cortisol, Corti; glucagon, IRG; insulin, IRI) concentrations were measured from 12 h to 33 h during the fasting period (12: 00, 24: 00, 06: 00, 09: 00), and 3min, 10 min and 30min after moderate treadmill exercise (estimated 70-80% of VO₂max) for 20 min under fasting conditions between 09: 00 and 11: 00. These results (in the fasting experiment, Fast) were compared to the results on a normal diet (N-D) .
The results were as follows:
1. No differences in mean VO₂ and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise were observed between the Fast and N-D experiments. Mean heart rate during exercise in Fast was higher by 3.3±2.2 bpm (p<0.05) .
2. Serum FFA and FG concentrations were significantly higher as a results of 24-hour fasting than the values measured at the same time in N-D. No significant change in serum TG concentrations were observed in Fast. While BG and LA concentrations remained low, and in small changes occurred in then both during Fast.
3. Slightly higher levels of plasma ACTH, GH and IRG were found in Fast, but they were not significantly different from N-D. Plasma Corti concentrations gradually increased after 24 hours of fasting, and were 1.9 times higher at 09: 00 after 33 hours of fasting than on N-D. Plasma IRI levels, however, remained low, and the molecular ratio of IRG to IRI (IRG/IRI) was higher throughout Fast (1.8 to 10.6 times higher than on N-D ) .
4. Plasma ACTH, GH and Corti concentrations increased markedly after exercise, and remained high until 30 min on Fast. No significant change in IRG and depression of insulin secretion were demonstrated after exercise on both treatment.
5. Significant correlation between changes in plasma ACTH and Corti concentrations were observed throughout the experiments (Fast, r=0.562; N-D, r=0.528) .
6. All of the energy substrates except blood TG increased after exercise, and the net increases in LA and FG (Δ) on Fast were significantly higher than on N-D. Significant correlations between the changes in the concentrations of FFA and FG (Fast, r=0.745; N-D, r= 0, 696), LA and BG (Fast, r=0.689; N-D, r=0.623), and FFA and LA (Fast, r=0.579; N-D, r= 0.479) were detected throughout both experiments.
7. The coefficients of correlation between changes in plasma ACTH and FFA, and between BG and LA concentrations were higher on Fast than N-D. However, changes in plasma IRI and IRG concentrations were not directly correlated with any other changes in energy substrates in the blood in either treatment.
The results indicated that moderate exercise for 20 min after a 33-hour fast causes marked responses in ACTH, Corti and GH secretions. It appeared that Corti secretion de-pended on ACTH, and that Corti facilitated fatty metabolism during exercise on Fast. However, secretion factors and the role of GH during exercise remain a matter of conjecture.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the effect of physical exercise in daily lives of healthy women on the aging process in terms of maximal aerobic capacity (VO₂max), body fat tissue mass (FTM), lean tissue mass (LTM), bone mineral density (BMD), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) . These parameters are considered as risk factors of cerebrovascular disease and/or osteoporosis, which are the main causes of becoming bedridden and demented in middle-aged and older women. One hundred sixty-five healthy female volunteers aged 20 to 76 years participated in the study, 82 of whom were postmenopausal with a mean age at menopause of 49.7±3.1 years. Eighty-two of the subjects had been exercising regularly by jogging, swimming, aerobic dancing, or playing tennis more than twice a week for 2 years (Ex group), whereas 83 individuals had not been engaging in regular exercise (Cont group) . Serum lipid concentrations, SBP and DBP measurements at rest and treadmill VO₂max and HRmax measurements were determined in the morning after an overnight fast. Whole-body BMD (TBMD), head, lumbar, arm and leg BMD, FTM and LTM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry one to two hours after a light lunch. The mean and SD of each measurement were calculated for five-year age groups between 40 and 60 years and one group each under 40 and over 60 years.
The results were as follows:
1, VO₂max (r=-0.590) and HRmax (r=-0.632) decreased significantly with age. The VO₂max of the Ex group was significantly higher than that of the Cont group in all each age groups. However, no differences in the aging process in terms of HRmax were found between the two groups.
2, Resting SBP (r=-0.391) and DBP (r=0.315) increased significantly with age. However, no hypertensive individuals (160/95 mmHg-) were found among the 165 subjects.
3. Only serum TC (r=0.346) and LDL-C (r=0.339) among the blood constituents measured changed with age. No changes in serum HDL-C were detected with age. Lower TC (189.2±23.3 mg/dl) and higher HDL-C (72.2±10.9 mg/dl) were observed in eleven runners (49.7±7.7 years) among the subjects who participated frequently in official races than in subjects of the same ages in the Cont group. The highest serum HDL-C (75.8±15.8 mg/dl) and HDLC/TC ratios (0.362) were noticed among the subjects (n=26) who both regularly exercised and consumed alcoholic beverages.
4. A tendency for FTM to increase and LTM to decrease with age were observed in both groups, and a lower %FTM (percentage of FTM to body weight) and higher %LTM were evident in the Ex group. Differences in %FTM and %LTM between the Ex and Cont groups at 40-45 years were significant.
5. Partial and whole BMDs decreased significantly with age (TBMD-Age ; r=- 0.527) . Significantly higher leg BMDs in both the 20-39-year and 40-45-year groups, and spine and TBMD in the 20-39 years in the Ex group, who were premenopausal women, were shown. No significant differences in BMDs between the two groups were observed in postmenopausal women, but the Ex group tended to have higher partial and whole BMDs. The postmenopausal official race runners (n=5.52.6-1.5years) also had higher TBMD and leg BMD values than subjects of the same ages in the Cont group.
6. Investigation of correlations between VO₂max, LTM, FTM, BMDs and serum lipid concentrations, yielded a significantly higher correlation (r=0.669) between LTM (kg) and absolute VO₂max (1/mm) . Although VO₂max per LTM (VO₂max/LTM) decreased with age (r=-0.595), VO₂max/LTM in the Ex group was significantly higher than in the Cont group in each age group. The VO₂max per body weight (ml/kg/min) was negatively correlated with %FTM (r=-0.442) and positively correlated with

Objectives: This study examined whether cancer patients who received home care lived in the places they and their families preferred, and whether their preferences changed while receiving home care.Methods: We conducted a medical record survey of 111 cancer patients who received home care provided by a clinic in Japan, and examined the patients' and their families' preferred places to live in the case of their condition deteriorate (the patients and their families were asked when they began to receive home care, and whenever their and their families' conditions changed), and the actual places where the patients lived out their lives.Results: Among those who preferred home at the beginning of receiving home care, 95.6% of patients and 96.8% of families preferred home in the last survey period. Of those who did not prefer home at the beginning, 87.9% of patients and 84.8% of families preferred home by the last survey period. For 97.4% of patients and 97.2% of families, the actual places where the patients lived out their lives were consistent with their preferred places.Conclusion: We found that cancer patients receiving home care provided by the clinic and their families who preferred home from the beginning often still preferred home until the end of their lives, and that those who did not prefer home at the beginning often preferred home by the last survey period. Thus, most of the patients lived out their lives in the places they and their families preferred.