1.Long-Term Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in a Mouse Model.
Byeong Gon KIM ; Pureun Haneul LEE ; Shin Hwa LEE ; Young En KIM ; Mee Yong SHIN ; Yena KANG ; Seong Hwan BAE ; Min Jung KIM ; Taiyoun RHIM ; Choon Sik PARK ; An Soo JANG
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2016;8(3):246-256
PURPOSE: Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can induce and trigger airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term DEP exposure on AHR, inflammation, lung fibrosis, and goblet cell hyperplasia in a mouse model. METHODS: BALB/c mice were exposed to DEPs 1 hour a day for 5 days a week for 3 months in a closed-system chamber attached to a ultrasonic nebulizer (low dose: 100 microg/m3 DEPs, high dose: 3 mg/m3 DEPs). The control group was exposed to saline. Enhanced pause was measured as an indicator of AHR. Animals were subjected to whole-body plethysmography and then sacrificed to determine the performance of bronchoalveolar lavage and histology. RESULTS: AHR was higher in the DEP group than in the control group, and higher in the high-dose DEP than in the low-dose DEP groups at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes were higher in the high-dose DEP group than in the low-dose DEP group and control group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon-gamma were higher in the low-dose DEP group than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of IL-10 was higher in the high-dose DEP group than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of vascular endothelial growth factor was higher in the low-dose and high-dose DEP groups than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of IL-6 was higher in the low-dose DEP group than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of transforming growth factor-beta was higher in the high-dose DEP group than in the control group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The collagen content and lung fibrosis in lung tissue was higher in the high-dose DEP group at 8 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that long-term DEP exposure may increase AHR, inflammation, lung fibrosis, and goblet cell hyperplasia in a mouse model.
Airway Remodeling
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Animals
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage
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Collagen
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Fibrosis
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Goblet Cells
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Hyperplasia
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Inflammation*
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Interferon-gamma
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Interleukin-10
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Interleukin-13
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Interleukin-6
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Interleukins
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Lung
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Lymphocytes
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Mice*
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Nebulizers and Vaporizers
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Neutrophils
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Plethysmography
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Pneumonia
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Ultrasonics
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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Vehicle Emissions*