Hand, foot and mouth disease, a distinctive clinical syndrome caused by a coxsackie virus, is clinically characterized by vesicles appearing on the hands, feet and in the mouth. The infection begins with a fever and mouth lesions consisting of small vesicles surrounded by red areolae on the buccal mucosa, tongue, soft palate and gingiva. The disease usually lasts spontaneously between 7 to 10 days after onset. We observed 20 cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease from July, 12th to September, 4th, 1979 and examined histopathologically and virologically. We have isolated only one viral strain showing cytopathic effect on HeLa cell among the five cases of acute stage and also observed that viral particle in the electronmicroscope.
Fever ; Foot* ; Gingiva ; Hand* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mouth Diseases* ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mouth* ; Palate, Soft ; Tongue ; Virion

In 1998, Korea implemented the Brain Research Promotion Act (BRPA), a law to revamp the field of neuroscience at the national level. However, despite numerous revisions including the definition and classification of neuroscience and the national plans for the training and education systems, the governance for neuroethics has not been integrated into the Act. The ethical issues raised by neuroscience and neurotechnology remain unchallenged, especially given the focus on the industrial purpose of the technology. In the current study, we analyzed the BRPA revision process by using Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework to determine the problems faced by the process. We propose a new strategy, including neuroethics governance and a national committee, to promote interdisciplinary neuroscience research and strengthen neuroethics in Korea.

We have analyzed paired samples of genomic DNA from peripheral leukocyte and primary tumor tissue from nine patients with retinoblastoma (RB) and from two RB cell lines, WERI-Rb-1 and Y79, to detect the molecular alterations of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB-1) and N-myc gene. In Southern analysis, RB-1 deletions in tumor tissues were detected in five patients (56%), one of these revealed a total loss of RB-1. N-myc amplification was found only in one (11.1%) out of nine patients. We also observed a total loss of RB-1 in WERI-Rb-1, and a more than 100-fold amplification of N-myc in Y79. The analysis of the relationship between molecular events and clinical characteristics such as age, sex, tumor laterality did not reveal any specific correlation. These results suggest that genetic backgrounds of RB in Korean patients are quite similar to those of reported cases elsewhere. The high sensitivity of our method in detecting the RB-1 loss indicates that this method can be a useful tool for initially screening a large number of tumors.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eye Neoplasms/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Amplification ; *Gene Deletion ; *Genes, Retinoblastoma ; *Genes, myc ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retinoblastoma/*genetics ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The gene for tyrosinase has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 11 at 11q14-21. The gene is at least 50Kb in length and its coding region is divided into five exons. Until now several mutations of the tyrosinase gene have been identifed in patient with typical oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) who are responsible for tyrosinase negative OCA. It may be possible to determine the types of OCA by measuring the hairbulb tyrosinase activity. Hairbulb tyrosinase activity was examined in a Korean albino to determine the type of OCA. And also tyrosinase assay was carried out in normally pigmented individuals and all members of a Korean albino's family to examine the tyrosinase activities. Five exons of tyrosinase gene from a Korean albino were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Each amplified exon segments were independently subcloned and DNA sequences of clones were determined. The results obtained were as follows : 1. A Korean albino had no measurable hairbulb tyrosinase activity and was identified as type IA (tyrosinase negative) oculocutaneous albinism. 2. Normally pigmented individuals had different ranges of hairbulb tyrosinase activity. 3. A Korean albino had two single base insertions within exon V (between 337bp and 338bp, 353bp and 354bp) of tyrosinase gene. These insertional mutations might disrupt tyrosinase function and were associated with a total lack of melanin biosynthesis.
Albinism* ; Albinism, Oculocutaneous ; Arm ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Clinical Coding ; Clone Cells ; Exons ; Humans ; Melanins ; Monophenol Monooxygenase* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Administering extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has substantially increased over the last decade, however administering ECMO to patients with hematologic malignancies may carry a particularly high risk. Here, we report the clinical outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure who were treated with ECMO. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure who were treated with ECMO at the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital between March 2010 and April 2015. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients (9 men; median age 45 years) with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure received ECMO therapy during the study period. The median values of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Murray Lung Injury Score, and Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction Score were 29, 3.3, and -2, respectively. Seven patients received venovenous ECMO, whereas 8 patients received venoarterial ECMO. The median ECMO duration was 2 days. Successful weaning of ECMO was achieved in 3 patients. Hemorrhage complications developed in 4 patients (1 pulmonary hemorrhage, 1 intracranial hemorrhage, and 2 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding). The longest period of patient survival was 59 days after ECMO initiation. No significant differences in survival were noted between venovenous and venoarterial ECMO groups (10.0 vs. 10.5 days; p = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure demonstrate poor outcomes after ECMO treatment. Careful and appropriate selection of candidates for ECMO in these patients is necessary.
Adult* ; APACHE ; Critical Illness ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation* ; Hematologic Neoplasms* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Lung Injury ; Male ; Medical Records ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Respiratory Insufficiency* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Weaning

To identify acanthocephala found in 'Changran-pickles' and 'Myungran-pickles' each organ was measured in permanent slides. In the present report, the results obtained were as follows: 1. Morphology of male worms: Worms possessed 18-19 longitudinal rows, with 4 hooks per row, which became smaller towards the base of proboscis. Each worm contained two testis and six cement glands arranged linearly. Body 22.0 by 0.8-0.6 mm and 15.0 by 0.6-0.4 mm, proboscis 284.8 by 227.6 microgram and 524.9 by 151.4 microgram, proboscis sheath 1570.7 by 72.7 microgram and 751.9 by 280.4 microgram, lemnisci length 2566.7 and 1085.6, testis 2202.9-1860.5 by 737.0-575.7 microgram and 1033.8-981.1 by 463.1-351.6 microgram, cement glands 940.2 by 441.2 microgram and 610.0 by 369.1 microgram. 2. Morphology of female worms: Worms possessed 14-18 longitudinal rows, with 6-10 hooks per row and become smaller toward the base of proboscis. Each worm contained an uterine bell and uterus in the posterior portion and the eggs filled the body cavity. Body 14.0~51.0 mm by 0.7-0.5~2.2-1.4 mm, proboscis 466.1-268.9 microgram by 259.9-252.0 microgram, proboscis sheath 1550.7-506.0 by 298.8-231.1 microgram, lemnisci length 1325.7-473.1 microgram, eggs 112.4 by 28.5 microgram~51.7 by 14.0 microgram. In this present study, the acanthocephala collected in 'Changran-pickles' and 'Myungran-pickles' were identified as Echinorhynchus gadi by morphological features.
Acanthocephala/anatomy & histology/classification/*isolation & purification ; Animals ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fishes ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*parasitology ; Korea ; Male ; Seafood/*parasitology

A study was conducted on T-cell function, utilizing active & total T-lymphocyte count according to Minowata method, and B-cell function, using irrgnunoe4ctrophoresjp. Total 41 children (10 with nephrotic syadrome, 26 with meningitides, & 5 with frequent pneumonia) were entered into study group, all of them were admitted to our pediatric department during 11 months period from November, 1978 to September, 1979, As control, 22 healthy children were chosen, divided into various age groups. Following results were obtained: 1. T-cell count on normal children (total 59.4+/-0. 6, active 27.2+/-0.9%) were slightly less than that of normal adult (total 68. 2+/-0. 8, active 33. 0+/-1.9%), P value being<0.01. 2. In most cases of severe tuberculous meningitis (stage III), active T-cell count was severely depressed. However, changes of immunoglobulin & T-cell count in the other meningitides & frequent pneumonia patients were variable & inconsistant. 3. In nephrotic syndrome patients, total T-cell count was decreased in 50%, active T-cell count in 70%, and serum immunoglobulin was also decreased in 90% (9 out of 10 patients).
Adult ; B-Lymphocytes ; Child ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins* ; Meningitis* ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Pneumonia ; T-Lymphocytes* ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the therapeutic results between the two groups of children with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who were treated either by 3-year Okayama regimen or by 2-year KSBRM regimen. METHODS: The subjects were 38 newly diagnosed AML patients at Chonnam University Hospital from Apr. 1991 to Dec. 1998. Until April, 1994, 10 patients were treated by the Okayama regimen for 3 years while 28 patients received KSBRM regimen for 2 years thereafter. The remission induction rate, relapse rate, and survival rate were compared retrospectively between the two groups. RESULTS: 1) The remission induction rate was 78.9% (30/38): Okayama group, 80.0% (8/10); KSBRM group, 78.6% (22/28). 2) The relapse rate after remission in the Okayama group was 37.5% (3/8) while that in the KSBRM group was 27.3% (6/22). 3) Deaths were encountered in 16 patients (42.1%): 60.0% (6/10) of Okayama group vs 35.7% (10/28) of KSBRM group (P=0.27). 4) Kaplan-Meier 3-year disease free survival (DFS) for all of the patients was 45.2%. The 3-year DFS was 40.0% for Okayama group and 48.2% for KSBRM group, respectively. The remission induction rate, relapse rate and DFS rate were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that KSBRM regimen was as equivalent as Okayama regimen for remission induction rate, relapse rate and 3-year Kaplan-Meier DFS despite the advantage of shortening of treatment duration by 1 year.
Child ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute* ; Recurrence ; Remission Induction ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and selected adverse events of radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients treated for drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) using claims data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, which covers all ablation procedures conducted in South Korea. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study population included patients who underwent catheter ablation for AF between January 2011 and December 2013. A total of 3,850 patients without a previous history of catheter ablation procedure were enrolled. We analyzed 2-year effectiveness of the index ablation. Any redo ablation, electrical cardioversion, or use of antiarrhythmic drug beyond the blanking period of 3 months was considered a failure of index ablation. RESULTS: Overall recurrence rate following AF ablation was 61.1%. The recurrence rate was lower in patients under 65 years old than in those over 65 years old (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 0.97, P=0.009). Repeat ablation was more frequent in men (HR 1.56; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.04; P=0.001) and patients under 65 years old (HR 1.79; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.38; P < 0.001). Electric cardioversion was more frequent in men (HR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.72; P=0.014) than in women. The overall rate of stroke, blood transfusion, significant pericardial complication, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 0.5%, 4.8%, 2.7%, and 0.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, old age was associated with treatment failure of catheter ablation for drug-refractory AF in the Korean population. Overall recurrence did not vary with respect to sex.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Blood Transfusion ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Catheter Ablation ; Catheters ; Electric Countershock ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Male ; Pericardiocentesis ; Recurrence ; Stroke ; Treatment Failure

As interest in sports rapidly grows in Korea, fostering of elite athletes and preservation of the athletic ability no longer became the task of advanced countries only. In that aspect, health of athletes and their associated coaches, athlete trainers, team members such as team doctors, and even their families is certainly a matter of concern. Especially when it comes to the inoculation of infectious disease prevention, it needs to be considered as one of the most economical and effective ways to promote health in sports people as well as elite athletes. The purpose of this article is to go over the specific circumstances of the athletes and related literatures on vaccination. In addition, we provide recommendations on the vaccination of athletes regarding the actual situation of sports in Korea.
Athletes ; Communicable Diseases ; Foster Home Care ; Humans ; Korea ; Sports ; Vaccination