In order to assess the physical growth pattern of Korean Youth, the authors measured the body height, chestgirth and sitting height of 40967 persons (24832 males and 16135 females) from primary schools, middle and high schools and colleges of metropolitan (urban) and rural areas, and calculated the mene, standard deviation, standard error and coefficient variance of the body weight chestgirth, sitting height and various pertinent index by body height to demonstrate the standard physical growth and development by body height of sex and age. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. Physical growth and development: Rapid growth of physical growth in terms of body height has been observed among males in the age 7-15 and among female 7-13. Growth in terms of body height turned out to be slower among students of higher age by both sexes. The age of cross over between to sexes is between 10 to 13 years where upon girls out grows boys. Maximum annual growth were upon girls out grows boys. Maximum annual growth were both of 6.16cm from 8 to 9 years old and 12 to 13 years old for boys and 7.2cm from 8 to 9 and 6.1cm from 9 to 10 for girls. This indicates that girls enter a rapidly growing stage 2 years earlier than boys. Meanwhile, prominent improvement in body height of national students over period of ten year was noticed. 2. The distribution status of body height by age: The distribution status of body height by age were as follows; 7 year of age: boys-30cm range of body height from 104.0cm to 133.9cm, girls-27cm from 104.0 to 130.9cm, 8 year of age: boys-30cm from 116.0 to 145.9cm, girls-33cm from 113.0 to 145.9cm, 9 year of age: boys-30cm from 116.0 to 145.9cm, girls-33cm from 113.0 to 145.9cm, 10 year of age: boys-39cm from 116.0 to 154.9cm, girls-39cm from 119.0 to 157.9cm, 11 year of age: boys-45cm from 119.0 to 163.9cm, girls-39cm from 122.0 to 160.9cm, 12 year of age: boys-45cm from 125.0 to 169.9cm, girls-42cm from 125.0 to 166.9cm, 13 year of age: boys-45cm from 128.0 to 172.9cm, girls-42cm from 128.0 to 169.9cm, 14 year of age: boys-48cm from 131.0 to 178.9cm, girls-36cm from 134.0 to 169.9cm, 15 year of age: boys-42cm from 137.0 to 181.9cm, girls-33cm from 137.0 to 169.9cm, 16 year of age: boys-39cm from 146.0 to 184.9cm, girls-30cm from 143.0 to 172.9cm, 17 year of age: boys-39cm from 146.0 to 184.9cm, girls-27cm from 143.0 to 169.9cm, 18 year of age: boys-36cm from 152.0 to 187.9cm, girls-27cm from 146.0 to 172.9cm, 19 year of age: boys-30cm from 155.0 to 184.9cm girls-24cm from 146.0 to 169.9cm, 20 year of age: boys-24cm from 158.0 to 181.9cm girls-18cm from 149.0 to 166.9cm, 3. Standard values of body weight, chest-girth and sitting height by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-a to 16-a. 4. Standard values of relative body weight, relative chestgirth and relative sitting height by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-b to 16-b. 5. Standard values of physical and nutritional indices (Rohrer index, Kaup index, Vervaeck index and Pelidisi index) by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-c to 16-c.
Adolescent* ; Body Height* ; Body Weight ; Child ; Female ; Growth and Development* ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Assessment ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Korea*

A total of 471 cases of colonic adenocarcinomas and 28 cases of colonic adenomas were examined immunohistochemically to evaluate the expression of p53 protein in the light of their relationship with various prognostic factors. A monoclonal antibody, p53 DO-7, was used in the study. Two hundred and fourteen adenocarcinomas (45.5%) showed positive staining for p53, however only three of the adenomas (10.3%) were positive (P < 0.05). p53 was stained to neoplastic nuclei. Adjacent normal mucosal cells were negative. There were no significant correlations between p53 expression and prognostic parameters such as age, sex, gross configuration, modified Astler-Coller stages, microscopic tumor growth patterns, tumor depth, tumor size and lymph node involvements. However, left sided adenocarcinomas (49.3%) expressed p53 more often than right sided adenocarcinomas (35.6%) (P = 0.01). The positive rates were different according to the histologic differentiation; 45.2% in well differentiated, 51.3% in moderately well differentiated, 23.8% in poorly differentiated, and 26.5% in mucinous carcinomas (P = 0.011). The mean survival periods of the p53 positive and negative groups were 29 months and 32 months, respectively (P = 0.385). However, overall survival for patients with grade one and two positive p53 was better than those of grade three and four positive cases (P = 0.028). In conclusion, the result of this multivariate analysis suggests that immunohistochemically strong p53 protein expression (more than 30% of tumor cells) has value in estimating a prognosis for patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinoma/*chemistry ; Adenoma/*chemistry ; Adult ; Colonic Neoplasms/*chemistry/mortality ; Female ; Formaldehyde ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Middle Age ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Protein p53/*analysis ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Survival Analysis ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*analysis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the role of survivin, caspase 3, p53 and Ki-67 expression in the carcinogenesis of cervical carcinoma and aggressiveness of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: The pathology specimens of 94 patients with a diagnosis of Low grade CIN (31 cases), High grade CINL (32 cases) and squamous cell carcinoma (31 cases) were evaluated immunohistochemically for the expression of survivin, caspase 3, p53 and Ki-67 in paraffin sections. RESULTS: Survivin, p53 and Ki-67 expressions were progressively increased in accordance with the increasing degree of malignancy, but caspase 3 immunoreactivity was higher in high grade CIN than in low grade CIN and invasive cervical cancers. There was no significant difference between Ki-67 index and survivin, caspase 3 and p53 expression with the increasing degree of malignancy. The Ki-67 index was closely related to p53 overexpression in invasive cervical carcinoma group. CONCLUSION: A sequential increase of survivin, p53, and Ki-67 was observed in paralleling the progression of grade of CIN and cervical cancer. In addition, caspase 3 expression increased proportionally to the low-grade CIN to high grade CIN.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Caspase 3 ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; Humans ; Paraffin ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

PURPOSE: It is widely known that allergic diseases progress through an allergic march. However, there have not been any recent reports in Korea on how the diseases progress. METHODS: Parents who visited one of the Pediatric Allergy Clinics of four university hospitals in Seoul with a child under the age of 6 years during the period from May 1-30, 2006 were asked to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 229 parents answered the questionnaire about their children, of which 122 were male and 107 were female. The most common allergic disease before 2 years of age was atopic dermatitis (79%). Meanwhile, in 2- to 4-year age group, allergic rhinitis (38%) and asthma (37%) were predominant. The most common allergic disease in the 4- to 6-year age group was asthma (72%), followed by allergic rhinitis (64%). Seventy-three percent of the children had a family history of allergic disease, most often in the fathers (39%). Among patients with allergic rhinitis, 50% had experienced asthma in their earlier days and 30% had experienced atopic dermatitis. In addition, 57% of the children with asthma had suffered from atopic dermatitis. Parents believed that asthma was the most serious allergic disease. CONCLUSION: In the present study, allergic disease showed a tendency to march from atopic dermatitis to asthma and then to allergic rhinitis. Early diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis is, therefore, considered important for prevention of the allergic march.
Asthma ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Early Diagnosis ; Fathers ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea ; Male ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on cell death pattern in neuronal development of chick embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We planned to compare the cytokinetic features in the normal chick embryo and those with BPA. Fifteen eggs were divided into three GROUPS: the control group, BPA 50 microgram/g egg group and BPA 200 microgram/g egg group. Embryos were incubated for 56 hours (Hamburger & Hamilton stage 16) and then we injected BPA into embryos. The embryos were sectioned by 3 micrometer thickness at the level of wing buds and stained at 72 hours after incubation (HH stage 18). We observed cell death in the spinal cord using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS: The TUNEL-positivity markedly increased in proportion to the doses of BPA. The number of TUNEL-positive cells per section was 15.2+/-2.14 in the control group, 34.6+/-3.44 in the BPA 50 microgram/g egg group, 87.6+/-4.32 in the BPA 200 g/g egg group. Furthermore the contour of spinal cord was deformed as the doses of BPA raised. CONCLUSION: BPA causes neuronal cell death and exerts cytotoxic effect on early chick embryos. It suggests that BPA might have an effect on cytogenesis during neural tube development.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Cell Death ; Chick Embryo ; Eggs ; Embryonic Structures ; Neural Tube ; Neurons ; Ovum ; Phenols ; Spinal Cord ; Wings, Animal

PURPOSE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is an extensive public health problem, so cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been widely taught to lay communities. However, little research has been done to assess attitude and reluctance to performing CPR in Korea. The present study clarified the basic factors affecting attitude and reluctance towards resuscitation in Seoul, Korea. METHODS: Using a telephone survey of a randomly selected sample of Seoul citizens, we questioned 1,007 subjects over a 2 week period in November 2006 on their prior training, knowledge, and awareness of resuscitation. The survey questions sought to clarify basic aspects of knowledge and attitude towards CPR, as well as to gather demographic information. RESULTS: Forty-five percent of subjects had previously been taught CPR. Of these, 70% had been taught more than two years previously. While sixty-nine percent indicated a general willingness to performed CPR on a stranger, only 6.8% responded that they definitely would perform CPR. In addition, only 3.3% were able to remember the correct compression- to-ventilations ratio for adult CPR. Of the 314 respondents who were unwilling to performed CPR, 44.3% gave as their reason the risk involved in a deteriorating situation, while 33.1% cited a lack of CPR knowledge. The factors most related to CPR performance and reluctance were male (odds ratio=1.997, p=0.048), prior CPR education (odds ratio=1.798, p=0.001), and accuracy of CPR knowledge (odds ratio=1.983, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Although general awareness of CPR among the Korean community is high, practical knowledge relating to the performance of basic CPR is poor. This suggests that present community CPR educational strategies had limited efficacy.
Adult ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest ; Public Health ; Resuscitation ; Telephone

Specific apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype has been suggested as a risk factor for atherosclerosis in the general population. Lipid metabolism is known to be modulated by apo E genotype. In this study, we measured apo E genotype, lipoprotein (a)[Lp (a)], apo A phenotype and other lipoproteins in 50 CAPD patients, and evaluated the association of lipid parameters with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Dipyridamole thallium scan with SPECT and ankle- arm blood pressure index (AABI) were performed in all the subjects. The patients who had positive finding in at least one of the two test were considered to have atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [CVD (+)]. Fifteen patients had evidence of cardiovascular disease. Serum Lp (a) concentration (median; interquartile range) of CVD (+) patients (n=15, 62.0 mg/dl; 29.5-82.3) was not different from that of CVD (-) patients (n=35, 65.1mg/dl; 34.3-89.9). The frequency distribution of apo (a) phenotype of CVD (+) patients did not differ from that of CVD (-) patients. In addition, there were no differences of other lipoproteins levels and lipid profiles between two group. However, significant difference in the frequency distribution of apo E genotype (E2; 6.7 vs 20%, E3; 40 vs 68.6%, E4; 53.3 vs between CVD (+) and CVD (-) patients. After stratifying the subjects according to the apo E genotype, we observed no difference of lipid profiles, apolipoproteins and Lp (a) concentration in E2, E3, E4. Multivariate regression analysis of risk factors for CVD revealed age and the presence of apo E4 phenotype as independent risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, Apo E4 genotype could be an independent risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in CAPD patients.
Apolipoprotein E4 ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Arm ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Dipyridamole ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Phenotype ; Risk Factors ; Thallium ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Radiofrequency (RF) radiation at the frequency of mobile phones has been not reported to induce cellular responses in in vitro and in vivo models. We exposed HEI-OC1, conditionally-immortalized mouse auditory cells, to RF radiation to characterize cellular responses to 1763 MHz RF radiation. While we could not detect any differences upon RF exposure, whole-genome expression profiling might provide the most sensitive method to find the molecular responses to RF radiation. HEI-OC1 cells were exposed to 1763 MHz RF radiation at an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 20 W/kg for 24 hr and harvested after 5 hr of recovery (R5), alongside sham-exposed samples (S5). From the whole-genome profiles of mouse neurons, we selected 9 differentially-expressed genes between the S5 and R5 groups using information gain-based recursive feature elimination procedure. Based on support vector machine (SVM), we designed a prediction model using the 9 genes to discriminate the two groups. Our prediction model could predict the target class without any error. From these results, we developed a prediction model using biomarkers to determine the RF radiation exposure in mouse auditory cells with perfect accuracy, which may need validation in in vivo RF-exposure models.
Absorption ; Animals ; Cellular Phone ; Gene Expression* ; Mice ; Neurons ; Support Vector Machine ; Biomarkers