Biomedical Research ; Humans ; Tai Ji

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Exercise is recommended for every patient with Parkinson's disease (PD). The effectiveness of two different forms of exercise for PD, Tai Chi and combined stretching-strengthening exercise, was compared. METHODS: Patients with mild-to-moderate PD were recruited to join either the combined stretching-strengthening exercise group (n=7), the Tai Chi group (n=9), or the control (nonintervention) group (n=7). Exercise was performed three times a week over a period of 8 weeks. The Tai Chi exercise was led by certified instructors based on a Tai-Chi-for-arthritis program. The combined stretching-strengthening exercise comprised folk dancing, stepping, and elastic-band exercises. The subjects' functional fitness, parkinsonian symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and depression were evaluated. RESULTS: Both exercise groups yielded better results in their overall functional fitness after the intervention. However, no improvement with exercise was found for parkinsonian symptoms, as evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. With respect to the domains of QoL, the combined stretching-strengthening exercise group fared better in the social domain of QoL, and the Tai Chi group fared better in the emotional domain, while QoL and depression worsened in the control group. The postintervention QoL was improved relative to the control condition only for the Tai Chi group. Although the exercise interventions did not have any effect on depression, the control group was associated with a significant deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise improved the functional fitness and QoL of PD patients, with Tai Chi yielding better results in QoL and favorable results in functional fitness. These findings suggest that Tai Chi could be a good exercise strategy for patients with PD.
Dancing ; Depression ; Exercise ; Humans ; Parkinson Disease* ; Quality of Life ; Tai Ji*

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of Tai Chi exercise (TCE) on depression, quality of life and self-efficacy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHOD: A nonequivalent control-group pre and posttest design was used. Of the 30 participants 15 were assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The experimental group participated in 8 weeks of TCE which included one day of exercise with instructor on site and 3 days of self-exercise at home guided by a videotape. RESULTS: The 8 weeks of TCE were found to be significantly effective in enhancing quality of life and self-efficacy. However there was no significant difference in the level of depression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that TCE has positive effect on quality of life and self-efficacy in patients with PD. Research over an extended period with the TCE intervention is recommended to identify further effects.
Depression ; Humans ; Parkinson Disease ; Quality of Life ; Tai Ji ; Videotape Recording

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of Tai Chi exercise program on BMI, positive and negative psychiatric symptoms in patient with schizophrenia. METHODS: The participants were patient with schizophrenia in S psychiatric hospital in D city. Twenty five patients were assigned to experimental group, and 26 patients were assigned to control group. Data were collected from May 9, to July 8, 2011. The Tai Chi exercise program was conducted with a duration of 60 minutes, 2 times a week for 8 weeks (a total 8 times). Measures were BMI, positive and negative psychiatric symptoms. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and t-test with SPSS/WIN 19.0 version. RESULTS: The experimental group received Tai Chi exercise program had a significant changes in BMI, positive and negative psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that Tai Chi exercise program is an effective intervention program to improve the BMI, positive and negative psychiatric symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.
Body Mass Index ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Tai Ji

With the increasing prominence of population aging, the cognitive decline of the elderly has gradually become a hotspot of clinical research. As a traditional rehabilitation exercise, Tai Chi has been proved to have a positive effect on improving cognitive function and delaying cognitive decline in the elderly. However, the related brain function mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, we collected studies which observed the changes of Tai Chi on brain regions related to cognitive function in the elderly using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We summarized relevant studies from perspective of structural and functional changes in the brain. The results showed that Tai Chi may delay and improve cognitive decline in the elderly by reshaping the structure and function of brain regions related to cognitive function such as memory, attention and execution. The effect of Tai Chi for cognitive function may be associated with positive regulation of cardiovascular function, emotion and meditation level of the elderly. In addition, the improvement of cognitive function further enhances the balance of the elderly. We also found that practice time, frequency and intensity of Tai Chi could be factors influencing the improvement of cognitive function and brain function in the elderly.
Aged ; Attention ; Brain/physiology* ; Cognition ; Humans ; Neuroimaging ; Tai Ji/psychology*

BACKGROUND: Accidental fall is a major risk factor of hip fractures in the aged. Recently Tai Chi exercise is reported to reduce the frequency of falls in the American elderly. This study was to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi exercise on equilibrium in the Korean elderly. METHODS: We selected 4 clubs for the elderly in the same district. The elderly(11 men, 9 women) who attended two of the clubs were offered Tai Chi(9 basic forms) exercise and the elderly(4 men, 21 women) who attended the other two of them were offered regular medical examination. Intervention length was 12 weeks, with outcomes measured before and after intervention. RESULTS: In men, single left leg standing with eyes open improved in Tai Chi group as compared with non Tai Chi group(p=0.026). In women, single right leg standing with eyes open improved in Tai Chi group as compared with non Tai Chi group(p=0.023), and single left leg standing with eyes open showed improvement in Tai Chi group as compared with non Tai Chi group(p=0.085). MMSE K showed improvement in Tai Chi group as compared with non Tai Chi group, but it was not significant(p>0.05). Those who said these 9 basic forms were not difficult were 81.8% in men, 77.8% in women. CONCLUSION: `9 basic forms of Tai Chi' is easy to practice and helpful for equilibrium in the aged. The effect of 9 basic forms of Tai Chi on cognition of the aged needs further studies.
Accidental Falls ; Aged ; Cognition ; Female ; Hip Fractures ; Humans ; Leg ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Tai Ji

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Tai Chi exercise program on physical symptoms (pain, stiffness) and physical function (difficulty with physical function) related to joint, stress, depression, and sleep disturbance in middle aged women with osteoarthritis. METHODS: The study was conducted with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Forty participants were assigned to either the experimental group (20) or control group (20). Tai Chi exercise program was administered twice a week for 12 weeks to participants in experimental group. Data were collected from October 4 to December 24, 2011 and analyzed using chi2-test and t-test. RESULTS: There were significant differences between groups in joint pain score (z=-2.029, P=0.047) of Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis (K-WOMAC) index and depression score (z=-2.566, P=0.010). However, there were no significant differences in stiffness score and physical function score of K-WOMAC index, stress score and sleep disturbance score. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicate that Tai Chi exercise program are effective in reducing joint pain and depression in osteoarthritis women. It could be regarded as positive program for health promotion of self-care skills in middle-aged women with osteoarthritis.
Arthralgia ; Depression ; Female ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Joints ; Middle Aged* ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis* ; Self Care ; Tai Ji*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Tai Chi exercise program on physical symptoms (pain, stiffness) and physical function (difficulty with physical function) related to joint, stress, depression, and sleep disturbance in middle aged women with osteoarthritis. METHODS: The study was conducted with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Forty participants were assigned to either the experimental group (20) or control group (20). Tai Chi exercise program was administered twice a week for 12 weeks to participants in experimental group. Data were collected from October 4 to December 24, 2011 and analyzed using chi2-test and t-test. RESULTS: There were significant differences between groups in joint pain score (z=-2.029, P=0.047) of Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis (K-WOMAC) index and depression score (z=-2.566, P=0.010). However, there were no significant differences in stiffness score and physical function score of K-WOMAC index, stress score and sleep disturbance score. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicate that Tai Chi exercise program are effective in reducing joint pain and depression in osteoarthritis women. It could be regarded as positive program for health promotion of self-care skills in middle-aged women with osteoarthritis.
Arthralgia ; Depression ; Female ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Joints ; Middle Aged* ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis* ; Self Care ; Tai Ji*

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to find out the difference of heart rate variability between practicing Tai Chi and walking at 6 km/hr. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers aged 25 to 35 were recruited through advertisement. All the subjects gave their informed consent, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Catholic Medical Center Research Foundation. The subjects either practised Tai Chi or walked at 6 km/ hr on a treadmill machine, maintaining 5-minute rest, 20-minute exercise, and 30-minute rest. After 1 week, they switched and performed the other form of exercise. During the exercise, beat-to-beat HRV data was recorded by Polar S-810. We calculated HRV indices using Matlab software program and analyzed the mean value of HRV indices. RESULTS: The differences of the mean value of HRV indices of pre-exercise resting period were not significant. However, repeated ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences of change in the mean of SDNN (-14.27+/-13.03 ms, -33.67+/-20.23 ms; P=0.023), RMSSD (-10.17+/-9.59 ms, -21.90+/-12.60 ms; P=0.087), and STIDX (171.60+/-196.84, 1003.49+/-812.56; P=0.003) between practising Tai Chi and walking. The differences of change in mean heat rate, LF/HF ratio, LF, HF and TP were not significant. The differences of the mean value of HRV indices of the post-exercise resting period were not significant compared to the pre- exercise period. CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggest that exertional intensity of practising Tai Chi is similar to that of walking. Moreover, practising Tai Chi may be more profitable than walking in the aspect of HRV.
Ethics Committees, Research ; Exercise* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Hot Temperature ; Informed Consent ; Tai Ji ; Walking

PURPOSE: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Tai chi exercise for improving balance and its tendency and helps to identify directions for future research. METHOD: 19 articles from Medline search of foreign journals(1981-2003) and 5 from Korean nursing journals (1981-2003) were surveyed. The contents analyses were focused on outcome measures and relative factors regarding balance. RESULT: Variable measures for balance were used in Tai Chi studies relating to balance. They included the functional measures such as 14 single-leg stance, 7 walking in physiological measures and 7 laboratory-based balance measures were done with platform stability test. The measure of effective Tai Chi exercise depended on the health status of subjects and the methods. Health status of subjects were only on physically inactive older adults in 17 articles and arthritis patients in 7 articles in the Tai Chi study. The significant effects of Tai Chi exercise on balance was revealed after 10weeks duration. CONCLUSION: Considering the results, Tai Chi exercise is more effective than any other studies for walking balance. But the reports on the outcome are inconsistent with wide variations in the choice of balance measures. It is suggested that future studies analyze systemic change through meta analysis and have a wide variety of subjects who need postural control and balance control. The methods of measures should be distinct from the balance state of subjects for the effectiveness of Tai chi exercise.
Adult ; Arthritis ; Humans ; Nursing ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Tai Ji* ; Walking