We attempted to observe the expression of stromelysin, which regulates the extracellular matrix of trabecular meshwork and is one of the family of the matrix metalloproteinases, in the trabecular cells after transfection of replication deficient recombinant adenovirus vector containing stromelysin cDNA. Stromelysin cDNA was produced by RT-PCR with total RNA extracted from cultured human trabecular cells after induction with interleukin-1 alpha, and cloned by inserting the cDNA into the TA vector. Adenovirus vector that contains stromelysin cDNA was constructed by cotransfection of pJM17 and p delta A. CMV. PA-str into the 293 cells. The expression of stromelysin in the trabecular cells was assayed by Western blot and zymography. The sequence of stromelysin cDNA was consistent with that previously reported. The constructed adenovirus vector had stromelysin cDNA but had no E1 region. The expression of stromelysin in the trabecular cells by this vector was detected in 4 days and peaked in 7 days after transfection. In conclusion, this study showed the possibility of gene therapy in the glaucoma treatment by transfecting the trabecular cells with the replication deficient recombinant adenovirus vector containing stromelysin cDNA.
Adenoviridae* ; Blotting, Western ; Clone Cells ; DNA, Complementary ; Extracellular Matrix ; Genetic Therapy ; Glaucoma ; Humans* ; Interleukin-1alpha ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; RNA ; Trabecular Meshwork ; Transfection

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the genetic relation of the tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) a ratelimiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamine, with alcohol dependence, we designed the association study between the microsatellite HUMTH01-VNTR polymorphic locus, located in the first intron of the TH gene, and the Korean alcoholic patients. METHOD: We typed 6 different alleles of the HUMTH01-VNTR locus using PCR and Automated sequencer in 58 alcoholic patients met with the criteria of DSM-IV and 64 normal controls. The frequencies of allele and genotype were compared between patients and normal controls and in patients group. To increase homogeneity of alcoholics group, we divided alcoholics group by clinical phenotypes such as family history, delrium tremens, alcohol withdrawl seizure. And then the allele frequencies were compared respectively. RESULTS: When we compared the frequencies of alleles and genotypes between alcoholics and normal controls, there were no significant differences between two groups. And there were no allelic associations of TH gene in the variable charisteristics(family history of alcohol dependence, presence of delrium tremens, and presence of alcohol withdrawl seizure) This result suggest that TH gene VNTR polymorphism is not associated with alcoholism in Koreans. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that our data do not support an allelic association between the TH gene VNTR polymorphism and alcoholism. Further systemized studies will be necessary to determine whether the role of allele of TH is major effect gene or modifying effect gene in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence.
Alcoholics ; Alcoholism* ; Alleles ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introns ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seizures ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase* ; Tyrosine*

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify that emotional labor has effect on depressive symptom, job satisfaction, and moderating effect of self-esteem and ego-resilience of nurses. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 224 nurses university hospitals from May 8 to May 19, 2017, analyzing by hierarchical multiple regression. Results: There was a significant positive correlation with emotional labor and depressive symptom. Also emotional labor was significant negative correlation with job satisfaction, self-esteem, and ego-resilience. Ego-resilience had a moderating effect that emotional labor affected depressive symptom and job satisfaction. Conclusion In this study, Ego-resilience were found to have a significant moderating effect in relation to emotional labor, depressive symptom, and job satisfaction. Therefore, it's needed to consider the ego-resilience when developing emotional labor management program of nurses.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify that emotional labor has effect on depressive symptom, job satisfaction, and moderating effect of self-esteem and ego-resilience of nurses. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 224 nurses university hospitals from May 8 to May 19, 2017, analyzing by hierarchical multiple regression. Results: There was a significant positive correlation with emotional labor and depressive symptom. Also emotional labor was significant negative correlation with job satisfaction, self-esteem, and ego-resilience. Ego-resilience had a moderating effect that emotional labor affected depressive symptom and job satisfaction. Conclusion In this study, Ego-resilience were found to have a significant moderating effect in relation to emotional labor, depressive symptom, and job satisfaction. Therefore, it's needed to consider the ego-resilience when developing emotional labor management program of nurses.

OBJECTIVES: Recently, functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) has been an important tool for mapping in various functional brain disorders. And it is known that soft neurologic signs are frequently found in schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of cerebral activation to motor tasks examining soft neurologic signs in patients with schizophrenia, non-schizophrenic psychoses, and control subjects, using functional MRI. METHODS: Nine patients with schizophrenia, and six patients with non-schizophrenic psychoses, and six healthy control subjects were examined. A paradigm, in a resting condition followed by an activation state(finger-to-thumb opposition task and fistring task by right hand) was used for blood oxygen level dependent f-MRI. Activated voxels in both motor cortices and supplementary motor cortex were recorded and the lateralization index of cortical response was measured. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia showed typical increased activation in right motor cortex and reversed lateralization by finger-to-thumb opposition task compared with non-schizophrenic psychoses and contol subjects. CONCLUSION: The present study provides evidence for specific reversed lateralizaiton in fMRI brain activation by motor task in patients with schizophrenia. FMRI will be used as a powerful tool for elucidating the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Brain ; Brain Diseases ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Motor Cortex ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Oxygen ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia*

OBJECTIVES: Several novel and minimally invasive techniques to stimulate the brain have recently developed. Among these newer somatic interventions, vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) is regarded as a promising tool in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. This article reviews the history, methodology, and the future of VNS technique and its emerging research and therapeutic applications in the field of neuropsychiatry. METHODS: Wide ranged literature reviews and discussion with pioneering researchers were performed. RESULTS: VNS has been used in the treatment of refractory seizure disorder and depression. There are some reasons to hope that VNS might have other therapeutic applications in neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as advanced understanding about the pathophysiology of these disorders. CONCLUSION: Regardless of its clinical role as a new therapeutic technique, the capacity of VNS as a research tool to alter brain activity should lead to important advances in the understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
Brain ; Depression ; Epilepsy ; Hope ; Neuropsychiatry* ; Seizures ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation* ; Vagus Nerve*

OBJECTIVE: Weight gain is a commonly encountered problem associated with atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine. To investigate the weight reducing effect of amantadine, we conducted an prospective open label study. METHODS: We started amantadine treatment in outpatients who had gained weight during olanzapine treatment (mean dose of 11.94 mg/day, mean weight gain of 6.33 kg). Data were collected at St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea. The add-on treatment of amantadine was given at a mean dose of 161.9 mg/day with mean duration of administration for 110.2 day. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale were checked to evaluate the tolerability of amantadine. RESULTS: Before administration of amantadine, the mean dose of olanzapine was 11.94+/-4.58 mg and mean duration of administration was 123.1+/-174.6 days. Body weight and BMI during this period was significantly increased mean 6.33+/-4.45 kg (Z=-3.839, p<0.001), 4.94+/-0.75 (Z=-3.724, p<0.001) respectively. Amantadine was administered mean dose of 161.90+/-58.96 mg for mean 110.2+/-78.7 days. Body weight and BMI was decreased mean 0.96+/-3.44 kg, 0.71+/-2.7, respectively. There was no deterioration in psychiatric symptoms, as shown in BPRS score decrement and no adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION: The present data suggests that amantadine does not significantly decrease weight gain experienced by some patients during olanzapine treatment and does not worse psychotic symptoms. Randomized placebo-controlled trial should be needed to confirm these findings.
Amantadine* ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Body Weight ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Humans ; Korea ; Outpatients ; Prospective Studies ; Weight Gain*

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to identify the role of serotonin and cortisol in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia by measuring quantitative change of serum cortisol levels after risperidone(5HT2 antagonist) administration. METHOD: Subjects included 10 male and 7 female patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia(n=17). Blood samples(4ml/sample) were taken at the baseline, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 14th, 28th and 42nd days, twice, at 8:00 AM and at 10:00 AM in the morning after an overnight fast. The daily medication was administered after the first blood sampling at 8:00 AM. After baseline sampling, the same dose of risperidone was administered to each patient until the end of the 3rd day. The dose of risperidone was then decided by clinical evaluation. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured by standard double-antibody radioimmunoassay. RESULT: 1) Administration of risperidone significantly decreased serum cortisol levels(p<0.05). 2) There were significant reductions in positive symtom scores(21.7+/-3.8, vs 14.3+/-4.1) and negative symptom scores(20.5+/-5.2, vs 15.2+/-3.2), general symptom scores(44.3+/-5.4, vs 32.9+/-4.2) of PANSS after risperidone administration(p<0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in baseline serum cortisol levels and the reductions of serum cortisol levels after administration of risperidone between males and females. 4) There were no significant differences in baseline serum cortisol levels and the reductions of serum cortisol levels after administration of risperidone between positive symptom subgroup and negative symptom subgroup. CONCLUSION: These results suggest risperidone decreases serum cortisol levels in s chizophrenic patients and the reduction of cortisol by risperidone administration might be important factor in the treatment of schzophrenics, in contrast with typical antipsychotics.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone* ; Male ; Radioimmunoassay ; Risperidone* ; Schizophrenia ; Serotonin

OBJECTIVE: Recently, the domestic use of risperidone and the studies of risperidone administration in naturalistic setting have been increased. This retrospective naturalistic study was designed to evaluate the prescription trend and related variables in risperidone administered-psychiatric inpatients at a university hospital, and to compare with those of a university hospital in USA, simultaneously. METHODS: Data of 42 psychiatric inpatients with first administration of risperidone at St. Mary's Hospital from Oct 1999 to Mar 2000 and 61 of McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA from Mar 1998 to Jun 1998, were collected, respectively. Data on patient's age, sex, number of past admission, diagnosis distribution, duration of hospitalization, multiple antipsychotic therapy, combined psychotropics, initial, maximal, and discharge dosage of risperidone were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: In forty-two patients of St. Mary's hospital, 17 were male and 25 were female, among sixty-one patients of McLean hospital, 23 were male and 38 were female. The mean age and number of past admission were significantly higher at St. Mary's hospital than McLean hospital. In terms of diagnosis, risperidone was most widely prescribed to psychotic disorder, nextly to mood disorder and other psychiatric disorder at St. Mary's hospital, but in order of mood disorder, other psychiatric disorder, and psychotic disorder at McLean hospital, these diagnostic distribution was significantly different. The mean initial dose, maximal dose, and discharge dose of risperidone were significantly higher at St. Mary's hospital than McLean hospital. In aspects of psychotropic combination, these were significantly different, anxiolytic was most highly used at St. Mary's hospital but antidepressant at McLean hospital, additionally, the two hospital have tendency to take a polypharmacy. CONCLUSION: Prescription trend of risperidone in psychiatric inpatient between two hospital was different, St. Mary's hospital prescribed risperidone by diagnosis but McLean hospital did by symptomatic management. In furture, further systematic study should be conducted to refine these differences including various clinical variables.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Korea* ; Male ; Mood Disorders ; Polypharmacy ; Prescriptions* ; Psychotic Disorders ; Retrospective Studies ; Risperidone* ; Schools, Medical

PURPOSE: People with a family history of mood disorder are more likely to have depression. This study compared the characteristics of non-psychotic major depression disorder according to family history of depression. METHOD: Subjects were total of 817 persons recruited for the CRESCEND-K multicenter trial. Characteristics of depression and suicide history of patients with and without a family history of depression were assessed. Family history was determined through self-report. RESULTS: Of 817 participants, 12.4% had a positive family history of depression. Those with family history of depression reported an earlier age at onset of MDD, and more psychiatric comorbidity. Severity of depression and anxiety were not different according to family history of depression. There were no difference in attempted suicide history, number of attempted suicide and age at onset of 1st attempted suicide according to such a family history. CONCLUSION: Patients with family history of depression reported earlier onset of MDD and more history of psychiatric comorbidity.
Anxiety ; Comorbidity ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Humans ; Mood Disorders ; Suicide ; Suicide, Attempted