OBJECTIVE: Aquaporin (AQP) is a recently discovered protein that regulates water homeostasis. The present study examines changes in AQP 1 and 4 in kaolin induced experimental hydrocephalic rats to elucidate the pathophysiology of water homeostasis in the disease. METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced by percutaneous intracisternal injection of kaolin. The brain parenchyma and choroid plexus were obtained at 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after injection. Protein expressions of AQP 1 and 4 were measured by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) stains. RESULTS: In the choroid plexus of the kaolin-induced hydrocephalus group, AQP 1 expression identified by western blot exhibited sharp decrease in the early stage (55% by the 3rd day and 22% by the 7th day), but indicated a 2.2-fold increase in the later stage (30th day) in comparison with control groups. In the parenchyma, a quantitative measurement of AQP 4 expression revealed variable results on the 3rd and 7th days, but indicated expression 2.1 times higher than the control in the later stage (30th day). In addition, the IHC and IF findings supported the patterns of expression of AQP 1 in the choroid plexus and AQP 4 in the parenchyma. CONCLUSION: Expression of AQP 1 decreased sharply in the choroid plexus of acute hydrocephalus rats and increased at later stages. Expression of AQP 4 in the brain parenchyma was variable in the early stage in the hydrocephalus group, but was higher than in the control in the later stage. These findings suggest a compensating role of AQPs in water physiology in hydrocephalus.
Animals ; Aquaporin 1* ; Aquaporins ; Blotting, Western ; Brain* ; Choroid Plexus* ; Choroid* ; Coloring Agents ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Homeostasis ; Hydrocephalus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kaolin ; Physiology ; Rats* ; Water

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among parent attachment, peer attachment, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation of adolescents and the mediating effect of depression and anxiety in these relationships. METHODS: This study targeted 916 middle and high schools students in three different cities. They completed a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: Parental attachment showed a highly positive correlation with peer attachment while parental attachment and peer attachment showed a highly negative correlation with depression and anxiety. In addition, parental attachment and peer attachment showed a highly negative correlation with suicidal ideation while depression and anxiety showed a highly positive correlation with suicidal ideation. Parental attachment, not only directly, but also indirectly, affects suicidal ideation with mediation of depression and anxiety, indicating that the more secure the level of attachment, the lower the occurrence of depression and anxiety are, which, as a result, can lower suicidal ideation tendency. CONCLUSION: Parent attachment and peer attachment have a direct and indirect effect on suicidal ideation with the mediation of depression and anxiety, which plays a crucial role in suicidal ideation of adolescents.
Adolescent ; Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Negotiating* ; Parents* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Suicidal Ideation*