Purpose: This study was aimed to identify the effect of Mulligan knee taping (MKT) application on the hip joint muscle activity and lower extremity kinematic during single leg squat. Methods: Twenty healthy male partisipants, aged between 19 and 29 years, were measured for hip joint muscle activity, medial knee displacement, and hip adduction angles according to the application of MKT. In single leg squat, the eccentric, isometric, and concentric contraction phases were performed until the knee flexed at a depth of 60°. The muscle activity (unit, %MVIC) of hip joints in each phase and the medial knee displacement (unit, cm) and hip adduction angle (unit, °) were analyzed before and after the application of MKT during single leg squat. All measurements were performed with the dominant leg, and the order of MKT and non-taping was randomly determined by drawing lots. Results: During single leg squat, the muscle activity of the gluteus maximus muscle in the eccentric and isometric contraction phases significantly increased when MKT was applied than when non-taping (p=0.048 and p=0.012, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the muscle activity of other lower extremity muscles and the medial knee displacement and hip adduction angle (p＞ 0.05). Conclusion It was confirmed that the activity of the gluteus maximus muscle increased in the case where single leg squat was performed after applying MKT, compared to the case where it was performed without application. Therefore, MKT application is recommended to increase the muscle activity of the gluteus maximus during single leg squat.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training and resistance training on shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control in overhead sports club members. Methods: Twenty overhead sports club members participated in this program (male=14, female=6) who regularly participated in overhead sports activities were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (n=10) and a resistance training group (n=10). The training program consists of 12 types of plyometric exercises and seven types of resistance exercises and it was conducted with the general overhead sports club activities for 6 weeks. Shoulder proprioception through joint position sense (JPS), threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) and neuromuscular control through closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT), seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), functional throwing performance index (FTPI) were measured before and after training. Results: JPS external rotation (ER), CKCUEST normalization and CKCUEST power, UQYBT, FTPI were significantly improved in both groups after the 6-week training program. Also, TTDPM internal rotation, TTDPM ER, SMBT were significantly improved only in the plyometric training group. Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that both plyometric training and resistance training were shown to be effective in improving proprioception and neuromuscular control, but only plyometric training showed significant improvements in TTDPM and SMBT. Therefore, both trainings were effective in improving JPS ER, CKCUEST, UQYBT and FTPI, but only plyometric training was effective in improving TTDPM and SMBT.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training and resistance training on shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control in overhead sports club members. Methods: Twenty overhead sports club members participated in this program (male=14, female=6) who regularly participated in overhead sports activities were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (n=10) and a resistance training group (n=10). The training program consists of 12 types of plyometric exercises and seven types of resistance exercises and it was conducted with the general overhead sports club activities for 6 weeks. Shoulder proprioception through joint position sense (JPS), threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) and neuromuscular control through closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT), seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), functional throwing performance index (FTPI) were measured before and after training. Results: JPS external rotation (ER), CKCUEST normalization and CKCUEST power, UQYBT, FTPI were significantly improved in both groups after the 6-week training program. Also, TTDPM internal rotation, TTDPM ER, SMBT were significantly improved only in the plyometric training group. Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that both plyometric training and resistance training were shown to be effective in improving proprioception and neuromuscular control, but only plyometric training showed significant improvements in TTDPM and SMBT. Therefore, both trainings were effective in improving JPS ER, CKCUEST, UQYBT and FTPI, but only plyometric training was effective in improving TTDPM and SMBT.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training and resistance training on shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control in overhead sports club members. Methods: Twenty overhead sports club members participated in this program (male=14, female=6) who regularly participated in overhead sports activities were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (n=10) and a resistance training group (n=10). The training program consists of 12 types of plyometric exercises and seven types of resistance exercises and it was conducted with the general overhead sports club activities for 6 weeks. Shoulder proprioception through joint position sense (JPS), threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) and neuromuscular control through closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT), seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), functional throwing performance index (FTPI) were measured before and after training. Results: JPS external rotation (ER), CKCUEST normalization and CKCUEST power, UQYBT, FTPI were significantly improved in both groups after the 6-week training program. Also, TTDPM internal rotation, TTDPM ER, SMBT were significantly improved only in the plyometric training group. Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that both plyometric training and resistance training were shown to be effective in improving proprioception and neuromuscular control, but only plyometric training showed significant improvements in TTDPM and SMBT. Therefore, both trainings were effective in improving JPS ER, CKCUEST, UQYBT and FTPI, but only plyometric training was effective in improving TTDPM and SMBT.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training and resistance training on shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control in overhead sports club members. Methods: Twenty overhead sports club members participated in this program (male=14, female=6) who regularly participated in overhead sports activities were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (n=10) and a resistance training group (n=10). The training program consists of 12 types of plyometric exercises and seven types of resistance exercises and it was conducted with the general overhead sports club activities for 6 weeks. Shoulder proprioception through joint position sense (JPS), threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) and neuromuscular control through closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT), seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), functional throwing performance index (FTPI) were measured before and after training. Results: JPS external rotation (ER), CKCUEST normalization and CKCUEST power, UQYBT, FTPI were significantly improved in both groups after the 6-week training program. Also, TTDPM internal rotation, TTDPM ER, SMBT were significantly improved only in the plyometric training group. Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that both plyometric training and resistance training were shown to be effective in improving proprioception and neuromuscular control, but only plyometric training showed significant improvements in TTDPM and SMBT. Therefore, both trainings were effective in improving JPS ER, CKCUEST, UQYBT and FTPI, but only plyometric training was effective in improving TTDPM and SMBT.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training and resistance training on shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control in overhead sports club members. Methods: Twenty overhead sports club members participated in this program (male=14, female=6) who regularly participated in overhead sports activities were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (n=10) and a resistance training group (n=10). The training program consists of 12 types of plyometric exercises and seven types of resistance exercises and it was conducted with the general overhead sports club activities for 6 weeks. Shoulder proprioception through joint position sense (JPS), threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) and neuromuscular control through closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT), seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), functional throwing performance index (FTPI) were measured before and after training. Results: JPS external rotation (ER), CKCUEST normalization and CKCUEST power, UQYBT, FTPI were significantly improved in both groups after the 6-week training program. Also, TTDPM internal rotation, TTDPM ER, SMBT were significantly improved only in the plyometric training group. Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that both plyometric training and resistance training were shown to be effective in improving proprioception and neuromuscular control, but only plyometric training showed significant improvements in TTDPM and SMBT. Therefore, both trainings were effective in improving JPS ER, CKCUEST, UQYBT and FTPI, but only plyometric training was effective in improving TTDPM and SMBT.

Purpose: This study was aimed to identify the effect of taping applied to both hamstring on the horizontal velocity of the center of mass (COM) and the angle and peak angular velocity of the knee and hip joints in the sagittal plane during the crouching start. Methods: Seven elite sprinters (three male 100-m sprinters and four male 400-m sprinters) who enrolled in Korea National Sport University and placed in the National Sports Festival participated in this study. The crouching start is divided into four separate phases by the five events: set position (E1), rear block exit (E2), initial contact of rear leg (E3), take-off of rear leg (E4), and initial contact of front leg (E5). The angle (°) of knee and hip joints in each event and the velocity of COM (m/sec) and peak angular velocity (°/sec) in each phase were analyzed before and after the application of kinesiology taping (KT) on both hamstring and placebo taping (PT). Results: There were no significant differences in the velocity of COM and the angle and peak angular velocity of knee joint among the taping conditions. In 400-m sprinters, the front hip joint with KT or PT flexed less than without taping at E1 (p=0.039), E4 (p=0.018), and E5 (p=0.018). Also, during the phase from E1 to E2, the rear hip joint with both KT and PT extended at lower angular velocity compared to without taping (p=0.018). Conclusion While taping may be a beneficial practice for elite sports performance, the application of KT on both hamstring does not enhance sprinters’ start performance.

Purpose: This study was aimed to identify the effect of taping applied to both hamstring on the horizontal velocity of the center of mass (COM) and the angle and peak angular velocity of the knee and hip joints in the sagittal plane during the crouching start. Methods: Seven elite sprinters (three male 100-m sprinters and four male 400-m sprinters) who enrolled in Korea National Sport University and placed in the National Sports Festival participated in this study. The crouching start is divided into four separate phases by the five events: set position (E1), rear block exit (E2), initial contact of rear leg (E3), take-off of rear leg (E4), and initial contact of front leg (E5). The angle (°) of knee and hip joints in each event and the velocity of COM (m/sec) and peak angular velocity (°/sec) in each phase were analyzed before and after the application of kinesiology taping (KT) on both hamstring and placebo taping (PT). Results: There were no significant differences in the velocity of COM and the angle and peak angular velocity of knee joint among the taping conditions. In 400-m sprinters, the front hip joint with KT or PT flexed less than without taping at E1 (p=0.039), E4 (p=0.018), and E5 (p=0.018). Also, during the phase from E1 to E2, the rear hip joint with both KT and PT extended at lower angular velocity compared to without taping (p=0.018). Conclusion While taping may be a beneficial practice for elite sports performance, the application of KT on both hamstring does not enhance sprinters’ start performance.

BACKGROUND: The use of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) as the technique of choice for a variety of invasive or noninvasive procedures is increasing. The purpose of this study to compare the outcomes of two different methods, spinal anesthesia and ilioinguinal-hypogastric nerve block (IHNB) with target concentrated infusion of remifentanil for inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS: Fifty patients were assigned to spinal anesthesia (Group S) or IHNB with MAC group (Group M). In Group M, IHNB was performed and the effect site concentration of remifentanil, starting from 2 ng/ml, was titrated according to the respiratory rate or discomfort, either by increasing or decreasing the dose by 0.3 ng/ml. The groups were compared to assess hemodynamic values, oxygen saturation, bispectral index (BIS), observer assessment alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S), visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain score and patients' and surgeon's satisfaction. RESULTS: BIS and OAA/S were not significantly different between the two groups. Hemodynamic variables were stable in Group M. Thirteen patients in the same group showed decreased respiratory rate without desaturation, and recovered immediately by encouraging taking deep breaths without the use of assist ventilation. Although VAS in the ward was not significantly different between the two groups, interestingly, patients' and surgeon's satisfaction scores (P = 0.0004, P = 0.004) were higher in Group M. The number of the patients who suffered from urinary retention was higher in Group S (P = 0.0021). CONCLUSIONS: IHNB under MAC with remifentanil is a useful method for inguinal herniorrhaphy reflecting hemodynamic stability, fewer side effects and higher satisfaction. This approach can be applied for outpatient surgeries and patients who are unfit for spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia.
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Hemodynamics ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Nerve Block ; Oxygen ; Piperidines ; Respiratory Rate ; Urinary Retention ; Ventilation

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relative workload via a global positioning system (GPS) unit that was related to noncontact injuries in the lower extremities of college football player. Methods: Data were collected from 18 players who were enrolled in a university football team using a GPS unit during competitions. The noncontact injury in the lower extremities were recorded for each competition by well-trained medical practitioners. Players’ ratio of acute to chronic workload (ACWR) of each GPS variable was calculated by dividing the most recent 1 week (acute) workload by the prior 4 weeks (chronic) workload. The ACWR in the time of player’s injury (injury-related block) was compared to the time before the injury-related block (preinjury block) and from the beginning of the data collection to the point of injury (total injured average), and the end of the data collection (total non-injured average). Results: Eight players suffered 12 injures, indicating that an incidence rate was 13.28 injuries per 100 athlete exposures. Injured player had a higher ACWR of repeated high-intensity effort bouts (RHIE) and work-rest ratio (WRR) in the injury-related block compared to the preinjury block (F=3.151, p=0.039 and F=7.577, p=0.001, respectively). Also, they had a higher ACWR of maximal velocity (MV) in the injury-related block and total injured average compared to total non-injured average (F=5.592, p=0.004). Conclusion This study illustrated that the high ACWR in RHIE, WRR, and MV in the injury-related block may be related to noncontact injuries in the lower extremities of college football player. Many questions remain, but the results of this study may provide coaches and staffs in college football with useful quantitative information on preventive approach to sports-related injuries.