The incidence of the cutaneous tuberculosis has shown a steady decline over the past decades. This parallels the decreasing incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. We experienced 5 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis from January 1990 to February 1991. We present herein 4 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis. They were 3 cases of vulgaris and 1 case of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis. Mantoux tests were done except one case and were reactive in all cases. Culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were done but Mycobacterium tuberculosis were not cultivated in the all cases. Histopathological findings showed tuberculoid granulomas in the dermis except one case and no acid fast bacilli were demonstrated on AFB stains.
Coloring Agents ; Dermis ; Granuloma ; Incidence ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

No abstract available.
Animals ; Liver Regeneration* ; Liver Transplantation* ; Liver* ; Rats*

PURPOSE: We analyzed the perioperative and early oncological outcomes following radical cystectomy with using the laparoscopic method, and we compared these findings with those of the conventional open method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2003 and December 2006, we performed laparoscopic radical cystectomy(LRC) with an extracorporeal ileal conduit for treating bladder cancer in 22 patients, and the results of the LRC were compared with those of open radical cystectomy(ORC) in 20 cases. The surgical results such as the operation time, the estimated blood loss(EBL), the transfusion rate, the hospital stay, the complications and the oncological results were reviewed retrospectively and then analyzed via the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences of demographic data between the two groups. The pathologic reports showed a transitional cell type in all cases. For the LRC and ORC groups, the mean operation time for cystectomy was 186.5 min(150-240) vs 192.4 min(150-240), respectively (p=0.276), the EBL was 228.18ml(150-380) vs 995.0ml(400-1,200), respectively(p<0.01), the transfusion rate was 15.7% vs 85.0%, respectively, the hospital stay was 11.2 days vs 12.4 days, respectively(p=0.67), the intraoperative complications was 3/22 cases(13.6%) vs 9/20 cases(45.0%), respectively. The pathologic surgical margins were all negative. The surgical and pathologic parameters of the LRC group showed no significant differences compared to those of the ORC group, except for the EBL and transfusion rate. CONCLUSIONS: LRC resulted in less blood loss, a lower transfusion rate and earlier, more rapid recovery than did ORC. In our opinion, lararoscopic surgery is a feasible treatment for bladder cancer.
Cystectomy* ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Diversion*

Anterior exposure to the upper two thoracic vertebrae is technically difficult with transcervical approach. The authors used a transstermal biclavicular approach to the T1 metastatic adenocarcinome in a 47 year old patient. The advantages of this approach are that : 1) it levels the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscles intact and prevents the complication of respiratory problem, 2) it gives most wide surgical field among the other similar approaches, and 3) this procedure is not transpleural but transmediastinal approach.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Muscles ; Spine* ; Thoracic Vertebrae

We performed photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) on 10 rabbit eyes and determined the distribution of collagen type III, IV VI, VII at postoperative 2, 4 and 6 months to examine immunohistochemical changes after PRK. Type III collagen was not found in the normal cornea but strongly detected in the regenerated corneal stroma at all intervals. It was most prominent at 2 months after surgery and then decreased. Type IV collagen was detected in basement membrane in both normal and ablated corneas at all intervals and the staining was more intense in ablatd corneas than in normal cornea. There was no difference of staining intensity among the groups of different intervals. Type IV collagen was found in both normal and healed corneal stroma at all intervals and there was no difference of staining intensity between normal and ablated corneas and among the groups of different intervals. Type VII collagen was observed as a linear continuous band along the basal surface of epithelium in normal cornea. At 2 months after surgery, type VII collagen staining in basement membrane zone became denser than normal cornea, but segmented. At 4 months after surgery, continuous band of collagen type VII staining was observed, but it was less intense than in normal cornea. At 6 months after surgery, the intensity of continuous band of collagen type VII was the same as in normal cornea. This results suggest that the presence of type III collagen in the regenerated cornea may be related to the development of postoperative subepithelial opacity after PRK and the normalization of collagen type IV and VII at postoperative 6 months may mean the complete reestablished of the adhesion of regenerated epithelium and stroma.
Basement Membrane ; Collagen Type III* ; Collagen Type IV ; Collagen Type VII ; Collagen* ; Cornea* ; Corneal Stroma ; Epithelium ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Photorefractive Keratectomy

The lack of available cadaveric organs for transplantation has result in an increased number of kidney transplantation from living donors. In order to characterize correlation of variable factors which affect on the renal graft survival and to compare graft survival of living related donor with that of living unrelated donor, the 515 cases of renal transplantation between January 1979 and December 1997 were reviewed. Each effect of factors included recipient age, donor age, infection, acute rejection, tissue typing, type of donor on graft survival was analyzed as well as the interrelationship on graft survival between six risk factors. It was risk factors which effect on the graft survival that acute rejection, tissue typing and type of donor (P=0.00, P=0.001, P=0.00). The 1 and 5 year graft survival rates of cadaveric renal donor group and acute rejection positive group were 64.8-32.4%, 84.5-49.8% for younger recipient group (<30), 81.3-53.9%, 84.5-49.8% for ideal age group (30-49), 0-0%, 44-44% for older recipients group (>50) (0.017). The 1 and 5 year survival rate of cadaveric renal donor group was 42.8% and 28.6% during 1978-1983, 37.5% and 12.5% during 1984-1990 and 100% and 80% during 1991-1997. The grafts survival rate of unrelated living donor is significantly higher than that of cadaveric grafts during 1978-1990 and had a survival rate similar to that of living related donor grafts under all the circumstance given. The tissue typing, acute rejection and type of donor were significant factor which have influence on the graft survival. The cadaveric renal donor & acute rejection had significantly negative effect in older recipients (>50). Recently, the survival rate of cadaveric graft was remarkably increased, but in the future the more data collection for cadaveric graft is required. Living-unrelated renal transplantation provides comparable result to living-related renal transplantation and the unrelated living donor is excellent source of organs for renal transplant recipients.
Allografts* ; Cadaver ; Data Collection ; Graft Survival ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Living Donors ; Risk Factors* ; Survival Rate ; Tissue Donors ; Transplantation ; Transplants ; Unrelated Donors

The lack of available cadaveric organs for transplantation has result in an increased number of kidney transplantation from living donors. In order to characterize correlation of variable factors which affect on the renal graft survival and to compare graft survival of living related donor with that of living unrelated donor, the 515 cases of renal transplantation between January 1979 and December 1997 were reviewed. Each effect of factors included recipient age, donor age, infection, acute rejection, tissue typing, type of donor on graft survival was analyzed as well as the interrelationship on graft survival between six risk factors. It was risk factors which effect on the graft survival that acute rejection, tissue typing and type of donor (P=0.00, P=0.001, P=0.00). The 1 and 5 year graft survival rates of cadaveric renal donor group and acute rejection positive group were 64.8-32.4%, 84.5-49.8% for younger recipient group (<30), 81.3-53.9%, 84.5-49.8% for ideal age group (30-49), 0-0%, 44-44% for older recipients group (>50) (0.017). The 1 and 5 year survival rate of cadaveric renal donor group was 42.8% and 28.6% during 1978-1983, 37.5% and 12.5% during 1984-1990 and 100% and 80% during 1991-1997. The grafts survival rate of unrelated living donor is significantly higher than that of cadaveric grafts during 1978-1990 and had a survival rate similar to that of living related donor grafts under all the circumstance given. The tissue typing, acute rejection and type of donor were significant factor which have influence on the graft survival. The cadaveric renal donor & acute rejection had significantly negative effect in older recipients (>50). Recently, the survival rate of cadaveric graft was remarkably increased, but in the future the more data collection for cadaveric graft is required. Living-unrelated renal transplantation provides comparable result to living-related renal transplantation and the unrelated living donor is excellent source of organs for renal transplant recipients.
Allografts* ; Cadaver ; Data Collection ; Graft Survival ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Living Donors ; Risk Factors* ; Survival Rate ; Tissue Donors ; Transplantation ; Transplants ; Unrelated Donors

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic surgery has become the standard surgical method within the urological community. This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) compared to an open radical nephrectomy (ORN) at a single medical center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2003 and March 2006, laparoscopic radical nephrectomies for renal cell cancer were performed in 30 patients and the results of the laparoscopic radical nephrectomy were compared with those of the open counterpart. Surgical results, such as the operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rate, narcotic analgesic requirement, hospital stay, complications and pathologic results, were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed using the Student's t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the demographic data between the two groups. The pathological reports showed a clear cell type in 59 cases and a chromophobe type in 1 case. For the LRN and ORN groups, the mean operation times were 208 (120-320) vs. 206 min. (115-300) (p>0.05), EBL of 135 (100-200) vs. 318ml (100-2,000) (p=0.02), transfusion rates of 6.6 vs. 30%, narcotic analgesic requirements of 160 vs. 255mg diclofenac sodium, hospital stays of 6.7 vs. 10.5 days (p=0.04) and intraoperative complications in 0/30 (0%) vs. 2/30 cases (7%), respectively. The pathological surgical margins were all negative. The surgical and pathological parameters of the LRN group showed no significant differences to those of the ORN group, with the exception of the EBL and hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy resulted in less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay and earlier rapid recovery than an open radical nephrectomy. In our opinion, laparoscopic surgery could be a standard surgical treatment in renal cell cancer.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Diclofenac ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Kidney Neoplasms ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Nephrectomy* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To evaluate the parameters affecting vaulting and correlation between preoperative crystalline lens rise and vaulting after implantable collamer lense (ICL) implantation. METHODS: A total of 53 eyes of 34 patients who underwent ICL implantation were examined retrospectively. White-to-white (WTW) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were obtained from scanning topography (ORB scan) before surgery. Preoperative crystalline lens rise (CLR) and vaulting at 6 months after ICL implantation were measured using anterior segment optic coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors affecting central vaulting. RESULTS: The mean preoperative crystalline lens rise was -120 +/- 219 microm, and mean central vaulting 6 months after surgery was 544 +/- 175 microm. Preoperative SE, WTW, ACD, and CLR were significantly correlated with vaulting at 6 months after surgery. With the use of meaningful variables, multiple regression analysis showed that CLR, WTW, ACD and SE, in that order of influence, had significant effects on vaulting and the multiple regression equation was obtained as follows: Vaulting (microm) = (160.913 x ACD (mm)) + (170.134 x WTW (mm)) + (-0.338 x CLR (microm)) + (-23.783 x SE (D)) - 2250.184. CONCLUSIONS: CLR had a stronger influence on vaulting after ICL implantation than the previously proven parameters: WTW, ACD, and SE. In addition to WTW, ACD and SE, CLR should also be considered a new criterion for estimating vaulting after ICL implantation.
Anterior Chamber ; Crystallins ; Eye ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: We tried to find out whether the nadir PSA level after hormone therapy affected the progression into hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the progressive status and the survival of the 177 patients with stage C or D prostate cancer who had received hormone therapies. The relative efficacy of the nadir PSA level for predicting the progression into HRPC was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: 85.4% of patients responded to the treatment and 78% of responders progressed into HRPC. Median time to nadir PSA level after hormone therapy and to HRPC were 8.1 and 24.0 months, respectively. The nadir PSA levels were under 0.2ng/ml in 31%, 0.2-1.0ng/ml in 23%, 1.1-10ng/ml in 42%, and over 10ng/ml in 5% of the responders (n=151). As the nadir PSA levels were lower, pretreatment PSA levels, Gleason score and the number of cases progressing into HRPC were significantly lower (p<0.05). In addition, the nadir PSA level was inversely correlated with the interval to the establishment of HRPC (r= 0.465, p<0.05). By univariate analysis, the bone metastasis, the nadir PSA level, PSA level at six months after treatment and pretreatment PSA level were associated with the progression into HRPC. Only the nadir PSA level was an independent factor by multivariate analysis. ROC analysis disclosed an accuracy of 86.2% for the nadir PSA level to predict the progression into HRPC after two years. By setting the lower limit of the nadir PSA level to 1.1ng/ml, the sensitivity was 80.3% and the specificity was 83.8%, being most adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The nadir PSA level after hormone therapy may be the most important factor that can predict the progression into HRPC. Also, in consideration of sensitivity and specificity, it would be adequate to set the lower limit of the nadir PSA level to 1.1ng/ml.
Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Prostate* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen* ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity