The aged population is increasing rapidly, and the range of subjects undergoing surgery under general anesthesia is also expanding. Organ dysfunction reduces physiologic reserve, and comorbidity and polypragmasy increase the risk of postoperative complications. All anesthetic agents and techniques can be employed, if individualized to each patient's condition. Careful intraoperative monitoring and proper management to maintain homeostasis can reduce the risk of complications. Experienced anesthesiologists must choose the appropriate drug and adjust the dose individually, considering the physiologic changes that take place in the elderly. Goal-directed fluid replacement is mandatory. Anesthesiologists and surgeons should understand the risks experienced by the elderly and their fragility, and will achieve optimal outcomes if they communicate and cooperate closely.
Aged* ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthetics ; Comorbidity ; Frail Elderly ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Postoperative Complications ; Surgeons

Intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) facilitates an understanding of the complex cardiac pathology that is not fully delineated in a two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic evaluation, and it suggests earlier and more precise surgical planning and intraoperative decision making. In the present case, the intraoperative 2D-TEE midesophageal long-axis view indicated a significant narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) area by a band-like structure that vertically traversed the middle of the LVOT and connected to the anterior mitral leaflet base and the interventricular septum. However, additional 3D-TEE images of the LVOT and their cropped and rendered 2D images showed that web-like tissue, which presumably had grown around the patch closure from a previous atrioventricular septal defect, was obstructing the LVOT partially.
Decision Making ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Pathology

We describe a patient with infective endocarditis (IE) complicated by mycotic cerebral aneurysms (MCAs). Transarterial embolization of a larger MCA was attempted but failed. Aneurysmal clipping through craniotomy was followed by mitral valvuloplasty. During mitral valvuloplasty for IE, the low values of cerebral oxygen saturation after aneurysmal clipping were improved by continuous nimodipine infusion. We also review anesthetic management of patients with IE complicated by MCAs.
Aneurysm ; Craniotomy ; Endocarditis ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Nimodipine ; Oxygen

Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (LDS) is a recently described autosomal dominant aortic aneurysm syndrome with widespread systemic involvement. It is characterized by the triad of 1) arterial tortuosity and aneurysms, 2) hypertelorism, and 3) bifid uvula or cleft palate. A 12-year-old boy with LDS was scheduled to undergo correction of aortic valve regurgitation due to aortic annuloectasia. We report our clinical experiences of a case of LDS patient with brief review of related literatures and relevant anesthetic problems.
Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm ; Aortic Valve ; Arteries ; Child ; Cleft Palate ; Humans ; Hypertelorism ; Joint Instability ; Loeys-Dietz Syndrome ; Skin Diseases, Genetic ; Uvula ; Vascular Malformations

BACKGROUND: Isoflurane, a common anesthetic for cardiac surgery, reduced myocardial contractility in many experimental studies, few studies have determined isoflurane's direct impact on the left ventricular (LV) contractile function during cardiac surgery. We determined whether isoflurane dose-dependently reduces the peak systolic velocity of the lateral mitral annulus in tissue Doppler imaging (S′) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: During isoflurane-supplemented remifentanil-based anesthesia for patients undergoing cardiac surgery with preoperative LV ejection fraction greater than 50% (n = 20), we analyzed the changes of S′ at each isoflurane dose increment (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]: T1, T2, and T3, respectively) with a fixed remifentanil dosage (1.0 μg/min/kg) by using transesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS: Mean S′ values (95% confidence interval [CI]) at T1, T2, and T3 were 10.5 (8.8–12.2), 9.5 (8.3–10.8), and 8.4 (7.3–9.5) cm/s, respectively (P < 0.001 in multivariate analysis of variance test). Their mean differences at T1 vs. T2, T2 vs. T3, and T1 vs. T3 were −1.0 (−1.6, −0.3), −1.1 (−1.7, −0.6), and −2.1 (−3.1, −1.1) cm/s, respectively. Phenylephrine infusion rates were significantly increased (0.26, 0.22, and 0.47 μg/kg/min at T1, T2, and T3, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Isoflurane increments (1.0–2.0 MAC) dose-dependently reduced LV systolic long-axis performance during cardiac surgeries with a preserved preoperative systolic function.
Anesthesia ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Heart Function Tests ; Heart Valves ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phenylephrine ; Thoracic Surgery

BACKGROUND: Sympathetic nervous hyperactivity presents in response to surgical stress has been implicated as an important component of postoperative ileus. Because desflurane induces sympathetic activation, the effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on the recovery of bowel function were compared. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing a laparoscopic appendectomy were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane (Group S, n = 20) or desflurane (Group D, n = 20). The anesthetic, operative, and postoperative pain managements were standardized. The CRP (C-reactive protein), total leukocyte count, and ratio of the neutrophil to leukocyte counts were measured preoperatively and 12 hours postoperatively. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate, and end-tidal anesthetic concentration were measured at 10-min intervals during the surgery. The degree of postoperative pain, 11-graded surgical difficulty score, time to the first passage of flatus and first oral intake of clear fluid, as well as the postoperative hospital stay were also evaluated. RESULTS: Finally, 16 and 17 subjects in Groups S and D were included the analyses. There were no significant differences in the MABP, heart rate, and end-tidal anesthetic concentration between the two groups. The clinical and laboratory parameters related to the severities of inflammation and surgical trauma were similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in the times to the first passage of flatus and first oral intake of clear fluid and the postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although desflurane induces sympathetic activation, unlike sevoflurane, it does not delay the return of bowel function following a laparoscopic appendectomy.
Anesthesia* ; Appendectomy ; Arterial Pressure ; Flatulence ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Ileus ; Inflammation ; Length of Stay ; Leukocyte Count ; Neutrophils ; Pain, Postoperative ; Sympathetic Nervous System

We report a case of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage developed after reperfusion of grafted liver during a living-related liver transplantation. A 53 year-old man who had hepatic encephalopathy grade 4 with fulminant hepatic failure was scheduled for a living-related liver transplantation. Preoperative evaluation showed fever, hypoxia, hypotension, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema. Cardiopulmonary stability was maintained with oxygen therapy and inotropic agents. During the anhepatic period, the patient's vital signs remained stable with inotropic agents except one episode of sudden hypotension presumably due to right heart strain. However, hypoxia, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance were becoming worsen in spite of variable treatments for correction. Immediately after reperfusion, a sudden increase of central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure was noticed. evere bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, hemoptysis, hypoxia, and acidosis were followed by cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was not successful and the patient expired
Acidosis ; Anoxia ; Bradycardia ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Central Venous Pressure ; Edema ; Fever ; Heart ; Heart Arrest ; Hemoptysis ; Hemorrhage* ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Liver Failure, Acute ; Liver Transplantation ; Liver* ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Oxygen ; Pneumonia ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Edema ; Reperfusion* ; Transplantation ; Transplants* ; Vital Signs

BACKGROUND: For patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) or under monitored anesthetic care (MAC), the precise monitoring of sedation depth facilitates the optimization of dosage and prevents adverse complications from underor over-sedation. For this purpose, conventional subjective sedation scales, such as the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) or the Ramsay scale, have been widely utilized. Current procedures frequently disturb the patient's comfort and compromise the already well-established sedation. Therefore, reliable objective sedation scales that do not cause disturbances would be beneficial. We aimed to determine whether spectral entropy can be used as a sedation monitor as well as determine its ability to discriminate all levels of propofol-induced sedation during gradual increments of propofol dosage. METHODS: In 25 healthy volunteers undergoing general anesthesia, the values of response entropy (RE) and state entropy (SE) corresponding to each OAA/S (5 to 1) were determined. The scores were then analyzed during each 0.5 mcg/ml- incremental increase of a propofol dose. RESULTS: We observed a reduction of both RE and SE values that correlated with the OAA/S (correlation coefficient of 0.819 in RE-OAA/S and 0.753 in SE-OAA/S). The RE and SE values corresponding to awake (OAA/S score 5), light sedation (OAA/S 3-4) and deep sedation (OAA/S 1-2) displayed differences (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that spectral entropy can be utilized as a reliable objective monitor to determine the depth of propofol-induced sedation.
Anesthesia, General ; Deep Sedation ; Entropy ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Light ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Propofol ; Weights and Measures

The determination of arterial pressure wave-derived cardiac output (APCO) and central venous O2 saturation (ScvO2) has been introduced as a less invasive procedure for monitoring cardiac function and oxygen delivery. We have used an APCO sensor (FloTracTM) and a monitor for ScvO2 (Vigileo(TM)) in two cases of cardiac valve surgery, where placement of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was not applicable due to unfavorable cardiac structure (case 1) and was contraindicated due to an unstable cardiac conduction disorder and arrhythmia (case 2). In case 1, monitoring of APCO was started from the beginning of anesthesia induction and a ScvO2 monitoring central venous catheter was inserted just after anesthesia induction. APCO, ScvO2 and other hemodyanamic information such as arterial BP, CVP, and data obtained from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during the pre- cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period were measured. APCO and ScvO2 during the post-CPB period showed a reliable correspondence with continuous cardiac output (CCO) and mixed venous O2 saturation (SvO2) as measured by PAC at the end of CPB. In case 2, APCO and ScvO2 were monitored instead of CCO and SvO2. The values of APCO showed a good correlation to intraoperative COs indirectly calculated by the velocity-time integral of the aortic outflow determined in the TEE examination. We experienced that monitoring APCO and ScvO2 is useful for anesthesia management in cardiac valve surgery and can be an alternative to CCO and SvO2 if the placement of PAC and the thermodilution method are not applicable.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure* ; Cardiac Output* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Catheters ; Central Venous Catheters ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Heart Valves ; Oxygen* ; Pulmonary Artery ; Thermodilution ; Thoracic Surgery*

Background: Ultrafiltration (UF) would enhance coagulation profiles by concentrating coagulation elements during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of 75 patients who had undergone cardiac surgery with rotational thromboelastometry-based coagulation management in a university hospital and analyzed the UF-induced changes in the maximum clot firmness (MCF) of extrinsically activated test with tissue factor (EXTEM) during CPB in 30 patients. Results: The median volume of filtered-free water was 1,350 ml, and median hematocrit was significantly increased from 22.5% to 25.5%. As the primary measure, UF significantly increased the median MCF-EXTEM from 48.0 mm to 50.5 mm (P = 0.015, effect size r = 0.44). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve pre-UF MCF-EXTEM for discrimination of any increase of MCF-EXTEM after applying UF was 0.89 (95% CI [0.77, 1.00], P < 0.001), and its cut-off value was 50.5 mm (specificity of 81.8% and sensitivity of 84.2% in Youden’s J statistic). In the secondary analyses using the cut-off value, UF significantly increased the median MCF-EXTEM from 40.5 mm to 42.5 mm in 18 patients with pre-UF MCF-EXTEM ≤ 50.5 mm. However, it did not increase MCF-EXTEM in 12 patients with pre-UF MCF-EXTEM > 50.5 mm. There was a significant interaction between pre-UF MCF-EXTEM values and applying UF (P < 0.001 for the subgroup, P = 0.046 for UF, P = 0.003 for interaction). Conclusions Applying UF improved clot firmness, and the improvement was more pronounced when pre-UF MCF-EXTEM had been reduced during CPB.