Positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-[F-18]-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) was performed in ninteen patients who had benign musculoskeletal tumors in order to determine if there was a relationship between histologic grade of tumor and FDG uptake of tumor. These patients had been evaluated previously with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or both. The diagnoses were confirmed with incisional or excisional biopsy or by radiographic follow-up. Generally high-grade tumors had significantly greater uptake of FDG than low-grade lesions . Benign lesions such as giant cell tumor, fibrous dysplasia, and osteofibrous dysplasia showed significant elevation of SUV (Standardized Uptake Value) above 4.0. On the contrary. The current studies suggest the utility of FDG-PET imaging as an adjunct to CT or MR imaging in the evaluation of benign tumors. And results of PET suggest benign tumors with high SUV are histologically active lesion and tend to be locally aggressive.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Electrons* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography

Detection of tears of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) with MRI is usually based on the appearance of the ligament. However, other MRI findings may be useful in establishing the diagnosis. We assessed these associated injuries in the cases of complete tears of the PCL, reviewing MRls. We evaluated 26 patients who received PCL reconstruction with complete tear of posterior cruciate ligament from Feb 1995 to May 1997 retrospectively. We studied associated findings with PCL injuries. Anterior tibial plateau lesions were found in 15 of 26 cases (57.7%). Meniscal injuries were found in 8 of 26 cases (30.8%). Popliteus muscular injuries was found in 7 of 26 cases (26.9%). Capsular injuries were found in 2 of 26 cases (7.7%). Retinacular injury which has never been described in PCL injuries, was found in 7 cases (26.9%, P>0.05), Other ligamentous injuries were associated in 22 of 26 cases (84.6%). Medial collateral ligament injuries were found in 16 of 22 (61.5%, P<0.05) cases. The frequency of associated ligamentous injury and meniscal tear correlated well with results reported by other authors. The presence and location of bone contusions and fractures correlated with the mechanisms of injury; the anterior tibial plateau was the most commonly affected site. We concluded that the associated injuries were very helpful in diagnosing PCL injuries with MRI.
Collateral Ligaments ; Contusions ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Knee* ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Surgery for thyroid disease requires skin incisions that can result in postsurgical problems. Therefore, several approaches in thyroid surgery have been developed to avoid large scars on the anterior neck. Since the first report of endoscopic subtotal parathyroidectomy, various endoscopic approaches have been reported. However, to be able to perform these procedures using endoscopic instruments in a skillful manner, sufficient training time and effort is required. We assessed the feasibility and cosmetic benefit of the far lateral neck approach using natural skin fold thyroidectomy. METHODS: From July 2011 to February 2014, 123 patients underwent thyroidectomy via far lateral neck approach by one surgeon. An approximately 5 to 6 cm incision was created on the natural skin fold at the far lateral neck, so that the scar can be completely hidden by a V-shaped collar shirt. Thyroidectomy was performed using a Harmonic scalpel(R) and conventional tie technique. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 89.6+/-18.4 min for benign tumors and 79.1+/-30.1 min for malignant tumors. The number of retrieved lymph nodes (mean) was 5.4+/-3.5 in the central neck compartment dissection group, and 26.9+/-13.1 in the lateral neck lymph node dissection group. The 3, 6, and 12 month cosmetic satisfaction score (mean) after the operation was 7.47, 7.68, and 8.81. There were no hypertrophic scars or keloid on the neck. CONCLUSION: Far lateral approach using natural skin fold for thyroidectomy is safe and patients expressed high cosmetic satisfaction. In addition, the technique is suitable for inexperienced surgeons in endoscopic thyroidectomy. It can be a feasible alternative to conventional or endoscopic thyroidectomy.
Cicatrix ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; Humans ; Keloid ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Neck* ; Parathyroidectomy ; Skin* ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroidectomy*

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: During the acute phase response, cytokines induce marked alterations in lipid metabolism including an increase in serum triglyceride levels and a decrease in hepatic fatty acid oxidation, in bile acid synthesis, and in high-density lipoprotein levels. METHODS: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs: PPARalpha, beta/delta, and gamma) regulate fatty acid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, cell proliferation, differentiation and inflammation. Proinflammatory profiles including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are the important pathological factors in inflammatory responses during the pathological progression of the acute phase response. Lipopolysaccarides (LPS) induced the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. LPS-induced inflammation decrease the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), PPARbeta/delta, PPARgamma, and coactivators PPARgamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1alpha), PGC-1beta messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver of Balb/c mouse. In addition, LPS-induced inflammation diminishes the protein level of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta, and PPARgamma. Proinflammatory cytokines including TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 are the principal reducer of PPARs. However, the knockout mouse model against TNFalpha and IL-6 does not block decrease of PPARs in serum and liver. The mice were pretreated with fenofibrate at 100 mg/kg for 2 days. RESULTS: These treatment protocols increased the amount of PPARs mRNA in the liver. Fenofibrate inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 production in the serum and liver. Similar results were obtained when human hepatoma HepG2 cells exposed to LPS were co-incubated with fenofibrate. LPS-treated HepG2 cells decreased expression of IkappaB. Moreover, activation of PPARs abrogated LPS-induced degradation of IkappaB, thus suppressing LPS-induced NF-kappaB activities. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, fenofibrate decreases the expression and secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, thus serving as therapeutic targets to attenuate inflammation that is involved in hepatic pathological progression.
Animals ; Bile ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cell Proliferation ; Clinical Protocols ; Cytokines ; Fenofibrate ; Glucose ; Hep G2 Cells ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-1beta ; Interleukin-6 ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins ; Liver ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; NF-kappa B ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors ; Peroxisomes ; PPAR alpha ; PPAR-beta ; PPAR delta ; PPAR gamma ; RNA, Messenger ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Fallopian Tubes* ; Female

PURPOSE: Gynecomastia is the most common cause of male breast enlargement and is a disease which can occur in men of all ages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on size reduction of breast tissue in gynecomastia patients, regardless of age and symptoms. We also, aimed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of tamoxifen compared to surgery and other medications. METHODS: Twenty patients diagnosed with gynecomastia at the Breast and Thyroid Surgery Department, of Wonkwang University Hospital from January 2013 to February 2019 were included. All patients received tamoxifen 20 mg once a day or 10 mg twice a day; two months of treatment was planned, and medication was administered. The diameter and depth of the gynecomastia tissue were followed up with breast ultrasound before and after treatment. A survey of age, nationality, location, symptoms, duration of symptoms, previous history, and causes was also conducted. RESULTS: Breast tissue size was measured by ultrasound when the gynecomastia patients first visited and after using tamoxifen. As a result, mean diameter decreased by 41.9%, mean thickness decreased by 41.0%, and estimated mean volume decreased by 74.3%, except for one patient with recurrence. No side effects of tamoxifen were found in this study. CONCLUSION Since tamoxifen treatment has few side effects and recurrence is rarely reported at the time of discontinuation, it is a good primary treatment. But secondary treatment should be considered if there is no subsequent reaction. Surgical treatment may also be considered for gynecomastia patients with Tanner's breast stage higher than 4, or who want an immediate reduction in breast size.

This study was performed to investigate the influence of lateral guidance pattern and chewing pattern on masticatory muscle activity and occlusal contact pattern. Twenty-five patients with temporomandibular disorders and thirty students without temporomandibular disorders were selected for this study. Electromyographic examination and occlusal contact examination were performed simultaneously with Bio-Pak System(Bioresearch Inc.,U.S.A.) and T-Scan System(Tekscan Co., USA). The obtained results were as follows : 1. The EMG activity of masseter and anterior temporal muscle in patient group with canine guidance was higher than with non-canine guidance, but there was no significant difference(p>0.05). 2. The EMG activity of anterior temporal muscle in normal group with non-canine guidance was higher at preferred chewing side than at opposite side(p<0.05). 3. The EMG activity of masseter muscle was higher in normal group than in patient group (p<0.05). 4. The number of occlusal contact in patient group with canine guidance was higher than with non-canine guidance, but there was no significant difference(p>0.05). 5. The occlusal contact force at preferred chewing side was higher in patient group than in normal group(p<0.05).
Dental Occlusion ; Humans ; Masseter Muscle ; Mastication* ; Masticatory Muscles* ; Temporal Muscle ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences in bone height, bone width, and visibility of posterior spiral tomographic images according to various exposure directions, image layer thickness, and inclination of the mandibular inferior border. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six partially and completely edentulous dry mandibles were radiographed using Scanora spiral tomography. Spiral tomography was performed at different exposure directions (dentotangential and maxillotangential projection), image layer thicknesses (2 mm, 4 mm and 8 mm), and at various inclinations to the mandibular border (+/-10, 0 and -10 ). The bone height and width was measured using selected tomographic images. The visibility of mandibular canal, crestal bone, and buccal and lingual surfaces were graded as 0, 1, or 2. RESULTS: The bone width at the maxillo-tangential projection was wider than at the dento-tangential projection (p< 0.05). The visibility of buccal and lingual surface at the maxillo-tangential projection was higher than at the dento-tangential projection (p< 0.05). Thinner image layer thicknesses resulted in greater visibility of buccal and lingual surfaces (p< 0.05). Bone height was greatest in the -10 group, and at the same time the bone width of the same group was the narrowest (p< 0.05). The visibility of alveolar crest and buccal surface of the+/-10 group was the highest, while the visibility of the mandibular canal was greatest in the 0 group. CONCLUSION: When spiral tomography is performed at the mandibular posterior portion for visualization prior to implant surgery, it is important that the inferior border of mandible be positioned as parallel as possible to the floor. A greater improvement of visibility can be achieved by maintaining a thin image layer thickness when performing spiral tomography.
Dental Implants ; Mandible* ; Radiography, Dental, Digital

PURPOSE: Conventional thyroidectomy through a skin crease incision in the anterior neck sometimes causes a visible scar. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been developed, and, recently, more various techniques of remote access surgery such as endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy have been suggested and actively applied. Robotic thyroid surgery has several advantages over endoscopic thyroid surgery. These advantages include three-dimensional magnified view, tremor-filtering system, multi-articulated motion, and more comfortable surgeon position, and assistants are unnecessary for performance of the robotic thyroid surgery. METHODS: From November 2008 to July 2014, 256 patients underwent robotic endoscopic thyroidectomies through a transaxillary approach. An approximately 5 cm long incision was created on the axillary natural crease, so that the scar can be completely hidden by the arm. Patients' characteristics, postoperative clinical results, complications, and pathologic details were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 40.9+/-10.1 years. For benign tumors, we performed 56 less-than total thyroidectomies. For malignant tumors, we performed 175 less-than total thyroidectomies with central compartment node dissection, 21 total thyroidectomies with central compartment node dissection, and four total thyroidectomies with lateral neck node dissection (Benign=56, Malignant=200). The mean actual operation time (console time) was 91.5+/-48.7 min for benign tumors and 103.0+/-65.8 min for malignant tumors. The number of retrieved lymph nodes was 5.1+/-4.1 (mean) in malignant tumors. Internal jugular vein tearing occurred in two patients. Transient hypocalcemia (four patients) and transient hoarseness (six patients) occurred, but recovered within six months. CONCLUSION: Robotic endoscopic thyroidectomy is technically safe and feasible and also shows excellent cosmetic outcome.
Arm ; Cicatrix ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Jugular Veins ; Lymph Nodes ; Neck ; Skin ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroidectomy*

Pregnancy is normally a state of erythroid hyperplasia. Increased erythropoiesis during pregnancy is controlled by erythropoietin, which is augmented by the action of placental lactogen and inhibited by high levels of estrogen. We described a case of a patient with pure red cell aplasia during pregnancy that resolved completely in the postpartum period.
Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Placental Lactogen ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy* ; Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure*