PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in total cerebral blood flow (tCBF) with aging, parenchymal volume changes and vascular abnormalities, using 2 dimensional (D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Routine brain MRI including T2 weighted image, time-of-flight (TOF) MR Angiography (MRA) and 2D PC MRI were performed in 73 individuals, including 12 volunteers. Normal subjects (12 volunteers, and 21 individuals with normal MRI and normal MRA) were classified into groups according to age (18 -29, 30 -49 and 50 -66 years). For the group with abnormalities in brain MRIs, cerebral parenchymal volume changes were scored according to the T2 weighted images, and atherosclerotic changes were scored according to the MRA findings. Abnormal groups were classified into 4 groups: (i) mild reduction in volume, (ii) marked reduction in volume by parenchymal volume and atherosclerotic changes, and (iii) increased volume and (iv) Moya-moya disease. Volumetric flow was measured at the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery bilaterally using the velocity-flow diagrams from PC MRI, and combined 4 vessel flows and tCBF were compared among all the groups. RESULTS: The age-specific distribution of tCBFs in normal subjects were as follows: 12.0 +/- 2.1 ml/sec in 18 -29 years group, 11.8 +/- 1.9 ml/sec in 30 -49 years group, 10.9 +/-2.2 ml/sec in 50 -66 years group. The distribution of tCBFs in the different subsets of the abnormal population were as follows: 9.5 +/-2.5 ml/sec in the group with mild reduction in volume, 7.6 +/-2.0 ml/sec in the group with marked reduction in volume, and 7.3 +/-1.2 ml/sec and 7.0 +/- 1.1 ml/sec in the increased parenchymal volume and Moya-moya disease groups respectively. CONCLUSION: Total cerebral blood flow decreases with increasing age with a concomitant reduction in parenchymal volumes and increasing atherosclerotic changes. It is also reduced in the presence of increased parenchymal volume and Moya-moya disease. 2D PC MRI can be used as a tool to evaluate tCBF with aging and in the presence of various conditions that can affect parenchymal volume and cerebral vasculature.
Aging* ; Angiography ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Moyamoya Disease ; Vertebral Artery ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the laparoscopic incidental appendectomy during gynecologic laparoscopic operation. Methods: This study was evaluated for the clinical analysis of 118 patients who underwent laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy(LAVH group, 65 cases) and LAVH with laparoscopic incidental appendectomy(LAVH + IA group, 53 cases) at the Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital from Oct. 1996 to Nov. 1998. RESULTS: The following results were obtained: 1) There was no significant difference between two groups in regard to age. The mean age was 45.7 years in LAVH group and 43.8 years in LAVH + IA group. 2) There was no significant difference between two groups in mean operative time. The mean operative time was 90.4 minutes in LAVH group and 97.5 minutes in LAVH + IA group. 3) The mean appendectomy time was 7.1 minutes. 4) The mean time recovering normal bowel activity was 46.2 hours in LAVH group and 45.8 hours in LAVH + IA group. There was no significant difference between two groups. 5) The mean hospital stay was 6.4 days in LAVH group and 5.7 days in LAVH + IA group. There was no significant difference between two groups. 6) The postoperative complications occurred in 11 cases(9.3 %). The serious complications of appendectomy was not found. 7) Of the 53 appendices removed, 5(9.4 %) were abnormal pathologic findings. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic incidental appendectomy during laparoscopic operation was not found to influence the operation time, hospital stay, gas passing time, but there is one case of wound infection due to incidental appendectomy. Therefore, a large number of study should be performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic incidental appendectomy during laparoscopic operation.
Appendectomy* ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; Protestantism ; Wound Infection

Contrary to ventricular mural thrombi, left atrial appendage thrombi are extremely rare in cerebral infarction correlated with acute myocardial infarction but they can be easily detected by transesophageal echocardiography(TEE). We expierienced a case of cerebral infarction which was suspected to be caused from the thrombi in left atrial appendage in a patient with acute myocardial infarction. The cerebral infarction was developed 2 days after myocardial infarction had been occurred and any source of the thrombi could not be detected except in left atrial appendage. The diagnosis was established by TEE and also aided by transthoracic echocardiography, brain computed tomography.
Atrial Appendage* ; Brain ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction*

The presence of serum antibodies to various gangliosides, such as anti-GQ1b, is closely related to the clinical features of Guillain-Barre syndrome. However, the phenotype associated with anti-GT1a IgG has not yet been determined, although it has been detected in some cases of the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant. We report herein two patients harboring anti-GT1a IgG who both presented with profound dyspnea, dysphagia, and quadriparesis. The findings of this report suggest that the anti-GT1a antibody specifies a clinical feature of oropharyngeal palsy.
Antibodies ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dyspnea ; Gangliosides ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Paralysis ; Phenotype ; Quadriplegia

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is used to identify areas of upper airway obstruction, which occurs when patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) snore. DISE enables effective diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the obstruction site. Among surgical treatment methods for OSA, maxillomandibular advancement surgery (MMA) is performed to move a jaw forward; the surgery has a high success rate for OSA treatment. In DISE, anesthetics such as propofol and midazolam must be administered to induce snoring while the patient is deeply sedated for an accurate diagnosis to be made. When inducing deep sedation in a patient with OSA, airway obstruction may increase, causing oxygen saturation to drop; airway interventions are necessary in such cases. Effective DISE and MMA surgery can be performed by administering propofol through target-controlled infusion while monitoring the bispectral index (BIS).
Airway Obstruction ; Anesthetics ; Deep Sedation ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy* ; Humans ; Jaw ; Midazolam ; Oxygen ; Propofol ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Snoring

Gestational choriocarcinoma is easily disseminated hematogenously and its hypervascular nature places the patient at risk of significant hemorrhage both at the sites of metastatic lesions and in the uterus. In addition, its tends to give rise to pseudoaneurysm formation. Treatment of the condition by percutaneous embolization has been reported in several published articles, and hemoperitoneum secondary to rupture of splenic metastasis of gestational choriocarcinoma has also been reported, as has angiographic embolization. Hemoptysis resulting from pulmonary metastasis and treatment by means of embolization of the bronchial artery have not been reported, however. In this article, we describe a case of hemoptysis and hemoperitoneum due to pulmonary and splenic metastasis of gestational choriocarcinoma. Treatment of the condition involved embolization of the bronchial artery and superselective embolization of the splenic artery.
Aneurysm, False ; Bronchial Arteries* ; Choriocarcinoma ; Female ; Hemoperitoneum* ; Hemoptysis* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy ; Rupture ; Splenic Artery* ; Uterus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The dominant mode of cell death in cardiomyocytes under acute ischemic insult, either necrosis or apoptosis, remains to be clearly shown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) were incubated under hypoxic (mixture gas of 95%N2/5%CO2 in glucose containing media), ischemic (hypoxia plus glucose depletion in the media), ischemic and acidic conditions (ischemia with media pH 7.1). The level of cell death was assessed by trypan blue staining. To differentiate the mode of cell death, genomic DNA extraction and electrophoresis, Annexin V/propodium iodide staining, western blot for caspase activation and transmission electron microscopy were employed. RESULTS: The number of cell deaths in the NRVM cultured under hypoxic conditions was similar to that of the controls. The rate of cell death was significantly increased in the NRVM cultured under ischemic conditions, and was accelerated further in an acidic milieu, which simulated the accumulation of metabolic byproducts in ischemia. No signs of apoptotic cell death were observed in the NRVM cultured under ischemic conditions. The morphological examination of the cells in ischemia mostly revealed necrotic death. CONCLUSION: The presence of glucose protected the cardiomyocytes from cell death under hypoxic conditions. Incubation of the NRVM in ischemia resulted in increased cell deaths, which was accelerated in an acidic milieu. In our model of acute ischemia, without reoxygenation, the cardiomyocyte cell deaths appeared to be primarily induced via necrosis rather than apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death* ; DNA ; Electrophoresis ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ischemia ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Muscle Cells ; Myocytes, Cardiac* ; Necrosis ; Rats ; Trypan Blue

PURPOSE: Well-differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid run an excellent clinical course. However 10~20% of thyroid carcinomas showed poor clinical outcomes. Insular carcinomas are an uncommon thyroglobulin-producing neoplasm, which show intermediate prognosis between well-differentiated carcinomas and undifferentiated anaplastic carcinomas, and their clinicopathologic features are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic features and the prognosis of insular thyroid carcinomas. METHODS: We reviewed 10 patients who underwent an operation due to an insular thyroid carcinoma at Seoul National University Hospital between January 1990 and December 2001. Their clinicopathologic features and follow-up findings were retrospectively reviewed and compared. RESULTS: Four male and six female patients are reviewed, with a mean age of 54.8+/-6.4187, ranging from 37 to 69 years. Pathologically, eight of the tumors consisted of pure insular carcinoma and the others showed a papillary carcinoma as the major component and a minor insular component. The mean tumor size was 4.53 cm (4.53+/-1.4288 cm). An extrathyroidal extension was present in 7 cases and a vascular invasion in 6. Distant metastasis and local relapse of the regional lymph node were seen in 9 patients. Comparing the survivor and expired groups, all the male patients were in the expired group, and the mean tumor size was larger in the expired group (5.46 cm vs. 3.6 cm). But these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that insular carcinomas have distinctive clinicopathologic features, and recognition of this histologic variant is important and significant for management of these unique tumors.
Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Survivors ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms

Angiomyolipomas commonly originate from renal parenchyma but extremely rarely from perinephric space. We report a case of angiomyolipoma of the perinephric space confirmed by radical nephrectomy. A 13-year-old boy presented with left flank pain and abdominal distension, first experienced five months earlier. Ultrasonography and CT indicated that in the space surrounding the left kidney, a huge fat-containing mass with linear strands was present.
Adolescent ; Angiomyolipoma* ; Flank Pain ; Humans ; Kidney ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Ultrasonography

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) is a rare disease characterized by inflammatory and fibrous tissue proliferation in the retroperitoneum, which often surrounds the adjacent retroperitoneal structure to cause compressive complications such as hydronephrosis. Its pathogenesis is still unknown, but recently the association with autoimmune disease is being suggested. Although the prognosis is generally good, if diagnosis or treatment is delayed, the disease can progress to acute or chronic renal failure. In the past, surgical procedures such as ureterolysis or transpositioning of the involved ureter were the mainstay of the treatment. But recent studies using steroids, immunosuppressants and tamoxifen have reported generally good results. However, the adequate dose or duration of medical treatment and the treatment for recurred disease have not been established yet. We report a case of that retroperitoneal fibrosis recurred 1 year after 2-weeks steroids therapy. It was successfully treated with combination therapy of steroids and tamoxifen.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Hydronephrosis ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Recurrence ; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis* ; Steroids* ; Tamoxifen* ; Ureter