The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence rate of low back pain (LBP) in the high school students and to analyze the differences and correlations with the spinal-pelvic structural variations and disability index with LBP. The subjects are 499 high school students (236 males, 263 females: mean age, 16.38 years). They were assessed for LBP with the numerical rating scale (NRS) and for disability with the Korean version Oswestry disability index (KODI). All subjects were to take the plain radiographic examination for spinal-pelvic structural variations including thoracic, lumbar, thoracolumbar Cobb's angle, lumbar lordotic curve, sacral slope, pelvic tilt and pelvic incidence. All subjects were divided into two groups by NRS scores (0, 1=no/minimum pain group [NMP group], 2-10=low back pain group [LBP group]). The prevalence rate of LBP of all subjects was 56.7% (n=283). NRS and total KODI scores were higher in the LBP group (3.38 cm/11.83%) than NMP group (0.07 cm/2.74%) (p<0.001). In the spinal-pelvic structural variations analysis, the thoracic Cobb's angle was significantly high in LBP group (p<0.05), but others were shown no differences between the both groups (p>0.05). NRS had significantly positive correlation with KODI (p<0.001). NRS and KODI did not demonstrate any correlations with spinal-pelvic structural variations (p>0.05). In conclusion, this study showed high prevalence rate of LBP in the high school students, but did not show significant correlations with the spinal-pelvic structural variations and disability index.
Back Pain ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Low Back Pain* ; Male ; Prevalence

The technique of computer-assisted continuous infusion (CACI) has revolutionised the administration of drugs by intravenous infusion. A stable blood concentration is achieved rapidly with CACI, allowing the anesthesiologist to monitor therapeutic effect and titrate drug concentrations accordingly. Propofol and opioids can be administered by CACI for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in adult patients. Also, the ability to maintain a constant blood concentration of drugs is also extremely important for studying the pharmacodynamic interactions of drugs, and research in the area has increased with advent of CACI. We experienced a case of total intravenous anesthesia which was totally conducted by CACI, using a Master TCI for propofol and Stelpump program for fentanyl infusion.
Adult ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous* ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Propofol

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical data and surgical results from symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) patients who underwent burr-hole drainage (BHD) at the maximal thickness area and twist-drill craniostomy (TDC) at the precoronal point. METHODS: We analyzed data from 65 symptomatic CSDH patients who underwent TDC at the pre-coronal point or BHD at the maximal thickness area. For TDC, we defined the pre-coronal point to be 1 cm anterior to the coronal suture at the level of the superior temporal line. TDC was performed in patients with CSDH that extended beyond the coronal suture, as confirmed by preoperative CT scans. Medical records, radiological findings, and clinical performance were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 65 CSDH patients, 13/17 (76.4%) with BHD and 42/48 (87.5%) with TDC showed improved clinical performance and radiological findings after surgery. Catheter failure was seen in 1/48 (2.4%) cases of TDC. Five patients (29.4%) in the BHD group and four patients (8.33%) in the TDC group underwent reoperations due to remaining hematomas, and they improved with a second operation, BHD or TDC. CONCLUSION: Both BHD at the maximal thickness area and TDC at the pre-coronal point are safe and effective drainage methods for symptomatic CSDHs with reasonable indications.
Catheters ; Drainage* ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Sutures ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: We characterized the signals obtained from the components of a small gamma camera using NaI(Tl)-position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT) and optimized the parameters employed in the modules of the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The small gamma camera system consists of a NaI(Tl) crystal (60x60x6 mm3) coupled with a Hamamatsu R3941 PSPMT, a resister chain circuit, preamplifiers, nuclear instrument modules (NIMs), an analog to digital converter and a personal computer for control and display. The PSPMT was read out using a resistive charge division circuit which multiplexes the 34 cross wire anode channels into 4 signals (X+, X-, Y+, Y-). Those signals were individually amplified by four preamplifiers and then, shaped and amplified by amplifiers. The signals were discriminated and digitized via triggering signal and used to localize the position of an event by applying the Anger logic. The gamma camera control and image display was performed by a program implemented using a graphic software. RESULTS: The characteristics of signal and the parameters employed in each module of the system were presented. The intrinsic sensitivity of the system was approximately 8x103 counts/sec/microcurie. The intrinsic energy resolution of the system was 18% FWHM at 140 keV. The spatial resolution obtained using a line-slit mask and 99mTc point source were, respectively, 2.2 and 2.3 mm FWHM in X and Y directions. Breast phantom containing 2~7 mm diameter spheres was successfully imaged with a parallel hole collimator. The image displayed accurate size and activity distribution over the imaging field of view. CONCLUSION: We proposed a simple method for development of a small gamma camera and presented the characteristics of the signals from the system and the optimized parameters used in the modules of the small gamma camera.
Anger ; Breast ; Electrodes ; Gamma Cameras* ; Logic ; Masks ; Microcomputers

PURPOSE: We evaluated the feasibility of extracting pure left ventricular blood pool and myocardial time-activity curves (TACs) and of generating factor images from human dynamic N-13 ammonia PET using factor analysis. The myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates obtained with factor analysis were compared with those obtained with the user drawn region-of-interest (ROI) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stress and rest N-13 ammonia cardiac PET imaging was acquired for 23 min in 5 patients with coronary artery disease using GE Advance tomograph. Factor analysis generated physiological TACs and factor images using the normalized TACs from each dixel. Four steps were involved in this algorithm: (a) data preprocessing; (b) principal component analysis; (c) oblique rotation with positivity constraints; (d) factor image computation. Area under curves and MBF estimated using the two compartment N-13 ammonia model were used to validate the accuracy of the factor analysis generated physiological TACs. The MBF estimated by factor analysis was compared to the values estimated by using the ROI method. RESULTS: MBF values obtained by factor analysis were linearly correlated with MBF obtained by the ROI method (slope=0.84, r=0.91). Left ventricular blood pool TACs obtained by the two methods agreed well (Area under curve ratio: 1.02 (0~1 min), 0.98 (0~2 min), 0.86 (1~2 min)). CONCLUSION:: The RESULTS of this study demonstrates that MBF can be measured accurately and noninvasively with dynamic N-13 ammonia PET imaging and factor analysis. This method is simple and accurate, and can measure MBF without blood sampling, ROI definition or spillover correction. KW: N-13 ammonia, PET, Myocardial blood flow, Factor analysis
Ammonia* ; Area Under Curve ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Factor Analysis, Statistical* ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis

A large number of studies have indicated associations between particulate air pollution and daily mortality. Daily measurements of total suspended particulates (TSP) by high volume air sampler were matched to daily death counts supplied by the National Statistics Office, Korea. All deaths, except deaths from accidents, occurred at Ulsan from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1994 were considered in the poisson regression analysis. The multiple regression models were used to investigate a main effects of air particulate pollution controlling for SO2 levels, air temperature, relative humidity, seasonal variation, and calendar year. The results indicated that the effects of TSP, SO2, temperature, and relative humidity were not significantly associated with all cause mortality. It could, however, be emphasized that the size of the parameter estimate of TSP was very similar to that of previous studies. An increase in particulates of 100microgram/m4 was associated with a 3% increase in mortality. This relationship was observed at TSP levels well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 150microgram/m4 in Korea as well.
Air Pollution ; Humidity ; Korea* ; Mortality* ; Seasons ; Ulsan*

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing induces left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony, increases the risk of persistent atrial fibrillation in the long term. The aim was to investigate the effects of RVA pacing on left atrial (LA) function, which are unknown. METHODS: Echocardiographic evaluation including LV dyssynchrony based on conventional Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking strain echocardiography was done before and after (12 months) single-chamber ventricular pacemaker implantation in 40 patients with sick sinus syndrome. Patients were divided to 2 groups, according to the RVA pacing frequency (group I had higher pacing rate of more than 50% and group II, less than 50%). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in LV ejection fraction, however, mean global LV strain, myocardial performance index, and parameters of LV dyssynchrony had shown significant changes after 12 months of RVA pacing. There were also significant increase in the LA volume index and the reduction of peak systolic LA strain and strain rate (SR), peak early and late diastolic SR after RVA pacing. Moreover, there was significant deterioration of LV dyssynchrony and both LA and LV longitudinal function in even group II. LA functional deterioration and LA volume was significantly correlated with the frequency of RVA pacing. CONCLUSION: LV dyssynchrony, induced by RVA pacing, significantly impaired active LA contraction and passive stretching, and these findings were shown in the patients with even less than 50% of RVA pacing. Impairment of LA strain/SR was significantly correlated with the frequency of RVA pacing.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Atrial Function ; Atrial Function, Left ; Contracts ; Echocardiography ; Humans ; Muscle Stretching Exercises ; Sick Sinus Syndrome ; Sprains and Strains ; Track and Field

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing induces left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony, increases the risk of persistent atrial fibrillation in the long term. The aim was to investigate the effects of RVA pacing on left atrial (LA) function, which are unknown. METHODS: Echocardiographic evaluation including LV dyssynchrony based on conventional Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking strain echocardiography was done before and after (12 months) single-chamber ventricular pacemaker implantation in 40 patients with sick sinus syndrome. Patients were divided to 2 groups, according to the RVA pacing frequency (group I had higher pacing rate of more than 50% and group II, less than 50%). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in LV ejection fraction, however, mean global LV strain, myocardial performance index, and parameters of LV dyssynchrony had shown significant changes after 12 months of RVA pacing. There were also significant increase in the LA volume index and the reduction of peak systolic LA strain and strain rate (SR), peak early and late diastolic SR after RVA pacing. Moreover, there was significant deterioration of LV dyssynchrony and both LA and LV longitudinal function in even group II. LA functional deterioration and LA volume was significantly correlated with the frequency of RVA pacing. CONCLUSION: LV dyssynchrony, induced by RVA pacing, significantly impaired active LA contraction and passive stretching, and these findings were shown in the patients with even less than 50% of RVA pacing. Impairment of LA strain/SR was significantly correlated with the frequency of RVA pacing.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Atrial Function ; Atrial Function, Left ; Contracts ; Echocardiography ; Humans ; Muscle Stretching Exercises ; Sick Sinus Syndrome ; Sprains and Strains ; Track and Field

Gastric metastasis occurs in about 0.7% to 1.7%, of patients dying of solid tumors of extragastrointestinal origin. Metastatic disease involving the stomach is an unusual and difficult clinical problem and presenting symptoms include nonspecific epigastric pain and melena. In most cases of gastric metastasis, the histologic finding of the gastroscopic biopsy suggests the correct diagnosis. There are only a few reports of gastric metastasis from malignant melanoma. We report a case of malignat melanoma of gastric metastasis, which was diagnosed by gastroscopy.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Gastroscopy* ; Humans ; Melanoma* ; Melena ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Stomach

Gastric metastasis occurs in about 0.7% to 1.7%, of patients dying of solid tumors of extragastrointestinal origin. Metastatic disease involving the stomach is an unusual and difficult clinical problem and presenting symptoms include nonspecific epigastric pain and melena. In most cases of gastric metastasis, the histologic finding of the gastroscopic biopsy suggests the correct diagnosis. There are only a few reports of gastric metastasis from malignant melanoma. We report a case of malignat melanoma of gastric metastasis, which was diagnosed by gastroscopy.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Gastroscopy* ; Humans ; Melanoma* ; Melena ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Stomach