Eight species of Marssonina parasitic on 21 species of host plants from Korea are described and illustrated. They are Marssonina brunnea (Ellis & Everh.) Magnus, M. capsulicola (Rostr.) Magnus, M. celastri H.D. Shin & H.T. Lee, M. coronaria (Ellis & Davis) Davis, M. fragariae (Lib.) Kleb., M. juglandis (Lib.) Magnus, M. rosae (Lib.) Died. and M. sennenis (Gonz. Frag.) Vassiljevsky & Karak. Of these, M. capsulicola and M. coronaria sometimes poss three-celled conidia and M. sennenis is characterized by a short appendage at the basal end of the conidia. Morphological features of conidia and host ranges were of taxonomic values for species delimitation.
Fragaria ; Host Specificity ; Korea* ; Rosa ; Spores, Fungal

No abstract available.
Breast* ; Female ; Humans

No abstract available.
Umbilical Cord*

BACKGROUND: Pain is one of the most common presenting complaints in the emergency department(ED) and adequate analgesia for painful conditions is an important goal of emergency medical practice. This study was designed to investigate on the actual condition regarding the use of analgesic injections for traumatized patients in the field of ED and to reconsider the concern and methods of pain management in the future. METHOD: We carried out a prospective, noninterventional observational clinical study of adult patients presenting with acute trauma in the ED. Using a numeric rating scale ranging from 0 to 10, patients quantified their pain intensity on arriving at the ED and on one hour after analgesic administrations in the cases of analgesic use or after initial Assessment in the cases of no analgesic use. They also were interviewed about the level of their satisfaction to pain relief before leaving the ED. RESULTS: Seventy eight percent of all patient received analgesic injections(nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; 62%, opioids; 16%) and the remaining 22 patients(22%) were treated without analgesics. At the time of secondary assessment to pain, initial pain score in the cases of analgesic administration decreased. Patients who are beyond fair in the level of satisfaction were recorded for only 18% of all patient even though 78% of patients received analgesic injections. CONCLUSION: Our data illustrate that the patient of trauma commonly receive analgesic injections in the ED but their levels of satisfaction are under fair. This finding suggests that the concern and methods of pain management have to be reconsidered through the understanding of analgesic pharmacology and pattern of pain relief by analgesics.
Adult ; Analgesia ; Analgesics ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Pain Management* ; Pharmacology ; Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Victims of trauma in the emergency room(ER) suffer from kinds of discomforts derived from their physical injury and psychological instability. Although discomforts may be varied by the patient's characteristics and environmental factors such as medical personnel or facilities in ER, an active control for the discomfort should be required because it may affect an outcome of treatment and prognosis of illness. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distressing factors which traumatized patients have been experienced in the ER and to improve the management of trauma patients in the future. METHODS: From January 1, 1996 to June 30, 1996, we tried to interview patients about the painful experiences in ER before the decision of his or her discharge from ER. We analyzed the data on age, sex, religion, educational level, injury severity score(ISS), the most unpleasant experience, sleep deprivation, and friar for death. RESULTS: The 126 patients were enrolled in this study. The patients consisted of 93 male and 33 female, their mean age was 45 years old and mean ISS was 7.86. About seventy one percent of the patients complained unpleasant experiences during the stay in the ER. Of these, pain at the injury sites was the most frequent complaint (66.7%). The sleep deprivation was showed about sixty percent of the total patient and the most common cause of this was also due to pain(40%). Nineteen percent of the patients answered that they have felt the fear for death. There were statistically significant differences in degree of the ISS whether the fear for death and unpleasant experience were or not. When the patients demarked with whether the presence of pain, the occurrence of sleep deprivation, and fear for death were statistically related to the pain. However, the data was denoted no direct relationship with pain according to sex, educational level, or religion. CONCLUSION: The trauma patient admitted to ER suffered from various stressful conditions including not only their physical injury but care personnel or unstable environmental factors in ER. Therefore, emergency medical personnel has to understand some possible distresses of the patients and need to reduce them to provide more careful and proper managements.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Sleep Deprivation

To determine if the residual corneal stromal bed of 250 micrometer is enough to prevent iatrogenic keratectasia in laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), we studied 958 patients who underwent LASIK from April 2000 to October 2003 retrospectively. The estimated probabilities of the residual stromal bed, that was less than 250 micrometer, were calculated using the published flap thickness data of Moria C&B microkeratome. Then we calculated the ratio of the real incidence of keratectasia to the expected the percentage of the patients with less than 250 micrometer residual stromal bed in our study. Using the LASIK flap thickness data of Miranda, Kezirian and Nagy, the expected probabilities that the residual stroma would be less than 250 micrometer were 8.8%, 4.3% and 1.5% of the 1,916 eyes respectively, while keratectasia developed in both eyes (0.1%) of 1 patient in our study. The estimated ratio of the keratectatic eyes to eyes with less than 250 micrometer stromal bed were 1.2-6.9%. Compared to the number of eyes with residual stromal thickness less than 250 micrometer, the incidence of keratectasia was relatively low. The residual stromal bed thickness of more than 250 micrometer may possibly be safe, but further observations for long period are necessary.
Postoperative Complications/*prevention & control ; Middle Aged ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/*adverse effects ; Iatrogenic Disease/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Corneal Stroma/*pathology ; Corneal Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control ; Adult

Acute multifocal hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis is a disorder of abrupt onset, of unilateral or bilateral visual loss associated with mild anterior uveitis multifocal retinal vasculitis, retinal hemorrhage, retinal capiHary nonperfusion,papillitis, vitritis. After the onset of the disease, recurrent episode of intraocular inflammation, vasculitis, and visual loss ate commonly seen associated with the late complications of secondary vitreous hemorrhage, neovascular glaucoma, and epiretinal membrane formation. In 1988, Blumenkranz and associates were the first to report 7 cases of this disease in America. The mode of presentation, associated symptoms, and fundus findings are suggestive of herpes class virus infection, although the etiology remains unknown. We experienced a case of acute multifocal hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis associated with multifocal retinal vasculitis, retinal hemorrhage and neovascu lar complications.
Americas ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Glaucoma, Neovascular ; Inflammation ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute ; Retinal Vasculitis* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Uveitis, Anterior ; Vasculitis ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

Finger injuries are becoming more common with the increasing use of mechanical industrial and household appliances. Among the hand injuries, amputation is the serious disaster to the patient. Recently, application of microsurgical technique to the reattachment of amputated digits has been common clinical procedures. We performed microsurgical replantation to the 75 patients with 102 digits from March in 1986 to February in 1988. The following results were obtained. 1. The most common age distribution was third decade and male to female ratio was about 5:1. 2. The ratio of right to left hand was about 1:1 but the dominant to non-dominant hand was about 2:1. 3. The index finger was most commonly injured and the next was middle finger. 4. The most common type of the injuries was the crushing injury and the most common vector was a kind of pressor. 5. The anesthesia was performed in equal ratio between the general and regional anesthesia. 6. The survival rate of micro-replantation to the injuries of the zone II was 77.8% and zone III was 80%. 7. The functional result after replantation at zone II was better than zone III. 8. Micro-replantation was performed in any case of the type of the injury, the severity of crushing and the ischemic time, and the patients requirement was an important factor.
Age Distribution ; Amputation* ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Disasters ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Finger Injuries ; Fingers ; Hand ; Hand Injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Replantation ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The purposes of the study were to determine the effects of AIDS education which includes discussion on knowledge, prejudice, social interaction, and intention for AIDS prevention in college students. METHOD: A convenience sampling method was used to collect data, and 136 university students participated in the study. One group pretest-post test design was used and questionnaire for measuring knowledge about AIDS and attitude to AIDS were administered before and after 100 minutes of AIDS education, The education program consisted of a 50-minute lecture with video aids and 50 minutes of small group discussion. Means, SD, and paired t-test with the SPSS program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significant increases in knowledge (p= .000) and social interaction (p= .002) after the education, but no significant changes in prejudice (p= .832) nor in intention for AIDS prevention (p= .074). CONCLUSION: AIDS education including discussion was found to be an effective method for improving knowledge and social interaction of college students. The results suggest that education which includes discussion sessions should be used with college students to improve social interaction with people who are HIV positive and enhance knowledge about AIDS.
Education* ; HIV ; Humans ; Intention* ; Interpersonal Relations* ; Prejudice* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Head* ; Incidence* ; Neck* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*