To investigate the risk factors and clinical characteristics of postrenal transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), we reviewed the records of 177 renal allograft recipients in Maryknoll Hospiatal whose allografts had functioned longer than 6 months. Nineteen patients (10.7%) developed PTDM at 5.0+/-7.8 (1-52) months; 9 (47%) of these within 1 month. PTDM patients were older than nondiabetic renal transplants (42+/-2 vs 37+/-1 years, P<0.05). Body mass index tended to be higher in PTDM (23.5+/-1.0 vs 21.8+/-0.3kg/m2, P=0.09). Number of acute rejections (0.6+/-0.2 vs 0.5+/-0.1) and serum creatinine at 1 year after transplantation (1.2+/-0.8 vs 1.3+/-0.3mg/dL) were not different. Fasting (103.6+/-10.4 vs 84.4+/-1.6mg/dL, P<0.05) and postprandial (189.2+/-24.8 vs 118.6+/-2.3 mg/dL, P<0.01) blood sugars, measured before transplantation, were higher in PTDM. CsA blood level at 1 month posttransplantation was higher in PTDM (350+/-34 vs 279+/-8ng/mL, P<0.05). Fasting serum insulin was significantly higher (28.2+/-12.2 vs 7.3+/-2.0 microunit/dL, P<0.05) and serum C-peptide tended to be higher in PTDM patients compared with euglycemic renal recipients (6.3+/-1.6 vs 3.8+/-0.9ng/dL, P=0.08). All the PTDM patients were treated by either insulin or oral agent; 15 of 19 required no treatment after 4.7+/-6.9 months. In conclusion, prevalence of PTDM was 10.7%. PTDM patients were older. Body mass index was tended to be higher. Fasting and postprandial blood sugars, measured before transplantation, were higher in PTDM. Faslting serum insulin was higher and C-peptide tended to be higher in diabetics. These results suggested that increased insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of PTDM.
Allografts ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; C-Peptide ; Creatinine ; Cyclosporine ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Fasting ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors*

Five medical students in the fourth-year took anatomy as their elective courses for 1 month. They dissected one cadaver, and investigated Digital Report, under the course subjects as follows; (1) the shape of thyroid gland and the location of its isthmus, (2) the branches of left and right coronary arteries, (3) the number of blood vessels and bronchi on the hilum of lung, (4) topographical relationship of the renal vessels and ureter, and the shape of the renal pelvis, (5) the location and attachment of the appendix, (6) the penetration of median nerve through the pronator teres, (7) the sensory nerves and the extensor tendons on the dorsum of hand, (8) the branches of deep femoral artery. The pancreatic and live samples were processed and stained with H&E, for LM observation, since the individual had suffered from pancreatic cancer and got a Pylorus preserving pancreatico-duodenectomy (PPPD). At the last step of the elective course, students wrote small articles following the conventional method for writing manuscript. From the viewpoint of professor, the anatomy course for the fourth-year students were definitely different from that for first-year students, and had many positive effects in terms of anatomy education.
Appendix ; Blood Vessels ; Bronchi ; Cadaver ; Coronary Vessels ; Education ; Femoral Artery ; Hand ; Humans ; Kidney Pelvis ; Lung ; Median Nerve ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Pylorus ; Students, Medical* ; Tendons ; Thyroid Gland ; Ureter ; Writing

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate indications, efficacy, and complications associated with pelvic arterial embolization (PAE) for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 117 consecutive patients who underwent PAE for PPH between January 2006 and June 2013. RESULTS: In our single-center study, 117 women underwent PAE to control PPH refractory to conservative management including uterine massage, use of uterotonic agents, surgical repair of genital tract lacerations, and removal of retained placental tissues. Among 117 patients, 69 had a vaginal delivery and 48 had a Cesarean section. The major indication for embolization was uterine atony (54.7%). Other causes were low genital tract lacerations (21.4%) and abnormal placentation (14.5%). The procedure showed a clinical success rate of 88.0% with 14 cases of PAE failure; there were 4 hemostatic hysterectomies and 10 re-embolizations. On univariate analysis, PAE failure was associated with overt disseminated intravascular coagulation (P=0.009), transfusion of more than 10 red blood cell units (RBCUs, P=0.002) and embolization of both uterine and ovarian arteries (P=0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that PAE failure was only associated with transfusions of more than 10 RBCUs (odds ratio, 8.011; 95% confidence interval, 1.531-41.912; P=0.014) and embolization of both uterine and ovarian arteries (odds ratio, 20.472; 95% confidence interval, 2.715-154.365; P=0.003), which were not predictive factors, but rather, were the results of longer time for PAE. Three patients showed uterine necrosis and underwent hysterectomy. CONCLUSION: PAE showed high success rates, mostly without procedure-related complications. Thus, it is a safe and effective adjunct or alternative to hemostatic hysterectomy, when primary management fails to control PPH.
Arteries ; Cesarean Section ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Lacerations ; Massage ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Necrosis ; Placentation ; Postpartum Hemorrhage* ; Postpartum Period* ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies* ; Uterine Inertia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An individual difference in susceptibility to chemically induced carcinomas is in part ascribed to genetic differences of metabolic activity of environmental procarcinogens. The cytochrome P450 family (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been reported to be associated with human cancers related with smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies of the genotypes of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes in healthy control of Koreans and to identify the high-risk genotypes of these metabolic genes in head and neck cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 exon 7 and GSTM1 genes were analysed in a group of 115 healthy Koreans and 107 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients using allelic-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The genotypes of CYP1A1 exon 7 (Ile/Ile, Ile/Val and Val/Val) were 59.1%, 36.5% and 4.4%, respectively, in the healthy control group, and 57.0%, 31.8% and 11.2%, respectively, in the cancer patients . The distributions of GSTM1 [GSTM1 (-), GSTM1 (+)] in healthy control group were 46.1%, 53.9% respectively, and 53.3%, 46.7%, respectively, in the cancer patients. The relative risk (odds ratio) for combination of CYP1A1 Val/Val and GSTM1 (-) genotype was estimated to be 5.17, taking the risk of combined genotype Ile/Ile and GSTM1 (+) as a reference in cancer patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 exon 7 and GSTM1 were an important major factor in determining the individual susceptibility to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Koreans.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Cytochromes* ; Exons* ; Genotype ; Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Head* ; Humans ; Individuality ; Neck* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic* ; Smoke ; Smoking

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in treatment of malignancies. However, VCR has a limitation in use since it commonly causes a painful neuropathy (VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy, VIPN). Inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune cells such as macrophages can exacerbate allodynia and hyperalgesia, because inhibiting the inflammatory response is a treatment target for VIPN. In this study, we investigated whether Trichinella spiralis, a widely studied helminth for its immunomodulatory abilities, can alleviate VCR-induced allodynia. Von Frey test showed that T. spiralis infection improved mechanical allodynia at 10 days after VCR injection. We further observed whether the difference was due to mitigated axon degeneration, but no significant difference between the groups in axonal degeneration in sciatic nerves and intra-epidermal nerve fibers was found. Conversely, we observed that number of infiltrated macrophages was decreased in the sciatic nerves of the T. spiralis infected mice. Moreover, treatment of T. spiralis excretory-secretory products caused peritoneal macrophages to secrete decreased level of IL-1β. This study suggests that T. spiralis can relieve VCR-induced mechanical allodynia by suppressing neuroinflammation and that application of controllable degree of helminth may prove beneficial for VIPN treatment.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. To date, seven AQPs have been found to be expressed in mammal kidneys. The cellular localization and regulation of the transport properties of AQPs in the kidney have been widely investigated. Autophagy is known as a highly conserved lysosomal pathway, which degrades cytoplasmic components. Through basal autophagy, kidney cells maintain their functions and structure. As a part of the adaptive responses of the kidney, autophagy may be altered in response to stress conditions. Recent studies revealed that autophagic degradation of AQP2 in the kidney collecting ducts leads to impaired urine concentration in animal models with polyuria. Therefore, the modulation of autophagy could be a therapeutic approach to treat water balance disorders. However, as autophagy is either protective or deleterious, it is crucial to establish an optimal condition and therapeutic window where autophagy induction or inhibition could yield beneficial effects. Further studies are needed to understand both the regulation of autophagy and the interaction between AQPs and autophagy in the kidneys in renal diseases, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advantages and limitations of using fibrin glue for securing bioresorbable panels to reconstruct the fractured orbital floor by transantral approach. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted from July 2009 to July 2015 in 35 patients with pure orbital floor fractures. Nineteen patients underwent reduction surgery for inserting the bioresorbable panel and 16 patients underwent reduction surgery using fibrin glue for securing the bioresorbable panel via a transantral approach. In both groups, a chart review of preoperative and postoperative ocular symptoms, operation records, and complications was conducted. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups in the demographic data of patients. Comparing the surgical outcomes between two groups, diplopia and mean discrepancy between fractured bone chip and intact orbital floor based on computed tomography scans showed much better results in the group that used bioresorbable panel secured by fibrin glue than in the bioresorbable only group. Furthermore, we carried out revision operations in six cases in the bioresorbable panel only group, where we found that the main cause of fracture to be the dislocation of bioresorbable panel. On the other hand, in the bioresorbable panel secured by the fibrin glue group, there were no reoperation and postsurgical complications. CONCLUSION: During the course of the study, we sensed orbital floor fracture repair using bioresorbable panel secured by fibrin glue via a transantral approach as an easy and effective technique with good postoperative results, and minimal implant related complications. This novel procedure is recommended as a surgical option for the reduction of orbital floor fractures, especially in large and posterior fractures.
Diplopia ; Dislocations ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive* ; Fibrin* ; Hand ; Humans ; Methods ; Orbit* ; Orbital Fractures ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies

The goal of the immunologic maneuvering for organ transplantation may be the donor specific immune tolerance rather than non-specific immunosuppression. Although DST is one of the most extensively studied methods for donor specific immune hyporesponsiveness, it is not widely used in recent years because of possible sensitization and overall improvement of graft survival without DST. Several human and animal studies showed that -24h DST with concomitant cyclosporine administration improved graft survival. -24 DST may not induce adverse sensitization that preclude subsequent transplantation and the procedure is simple and does not delay the operation in living donor transplantation. Between Feb. 1994 and Jan. 1997, 33 patients received 100-200ml of fresh whole blood from the kidney donor 1 day before transplantation. Twenty donors were living related and 13 donors were non- related. Mean age was 40(22-52). Two patients was diabetic. All but one received primary allograft. Cyclosporine and prednisolone were the primary immunosuppressants that started 2-3 days before transplantation. Acute rejection occurred in 11 recipients(33.3%). Acute rejection tended to occur earlier. Eight of 11 first episodes were within 3 days post- transplant, which were all recovered by either steroid pulse or OKT3. Mean follow up was 35 months. Two patients died with functioning graft. Three-year graft survival rate was 93.9%. There was no immunologic graft loss. We conclude that -24h DST may be a valuable option of immune modulation for renal transplantation with no demonstrable adverse reaction. It's beneficial effect needs to be confirmed by a larger controlled study.
Allografts ; Animals ; Cyclosporine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunosuppression ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Living Donors* ; Muromonab-CD3 ; Organ Transplantation ; Prednisolone ; Tissue Donors* ; Transplants

PURPOSE: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality-of-life questionnaire-OG25 was developed to evaluate the quality of life in patients with stomach and esophageal cancer. The following are included in the OG25 but not in the STO22: odynophagia, choked when swallowing, weight loss, trouble eating with others, trouble swallowing saliva, trouble talking, and trouble with coughing. In this study, we evaluated the quality of life of gastrectomized patients using both, the OG25 and the STO22. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 138 patients with partial gastrectomy (PG) (distal gastrectomy=91; pylorus-preserving gastrectomy= 47) and 44 patients with total gastrectomy (TG) were prospectively evaluated. Body weight and scores from the OG25 and STO22 were evaluated preoperatively and at 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: Patients with TG had significant weight loss compared to patients with PG. At 3 months, TG was associated with worse scores for dysphagia, eating, odynophagia, trouble eating with others, trouble with taste, and weight loss on the OG25. TG was also associated with dysphagia, eating restrictions, and anxiety on the STO22. The OG25 helped differentiate between the groups with respect to weight loss, odynophagia, choked when swallowing, and trouble eating with others. The OG25 scores changed over time and were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The OG25 is a more sensitive and useful scale than the STO22 for evaluating the quality of life of gastrectomized patients, especially those with total gastrectomy.
Anxiety ; Body Weight ; Cough ; Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders ; Eating ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Gastrectomy* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life* ; Saliva ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Weight Loss

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for massive lymphatic ascites after laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in gynecologic cancer and the feasibility of treatments using intranodal lymphangiography (INLAG) with glue embolization. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 234 patients with gynecologic cancer who received laparoscopic retroperitonal lymphadenectomy between April 2006 and November 2015 was done. In June 2014, INLAG with glue embolization was initiated to manage massive lymphatic ascites. All possible clinicopathologic factors related to massive lymphatic ascites were determined in the pre-INLAG group (n=163). Clinical courses between pre-INLAG group and post-INLAG group (n=71) were compared. RESULTS: In the pre-INLAG group (n=163), four patients (2.5%) developed massive lymphatic ascites postoperatively. Postoperative lymphatic ascites was associated with liver cirrhosis (three cirrhotic patients, p<0.001). In the post-INLAG group, one patient with massive lymphatic ascites had a congestive heart failure and first received INLAG with glue embolization. She had pelvic drain removed within 7 days after INLAG. The mean duration of pelvic drain and hospital stay decreased after the introduction of INLAG (13.2 days vs. 10.9 days, p=0.001; 15.2 days vs. 12.6 days, p=0.001). There was no evidence of recurrence after this procedure. CONCLUSION: Underlying medical conditions related to the reduced effective circulating volume, such as liver cirrhosis and heart failure, may be associated with massive lymphatic ascites after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. INLAG with glue embolization can be an alternative treatment options to treat leaking lymphatic channels in patients with massive lymphatic leakage.
Adult ; Aged ; Ascites/*etiology/therapy ; Embolization, Therapeutic/*methods ; Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female/*surgery ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision/*adverse effects ; *Lymphography ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications/*etiology ; Retrospective Studies