The pattern of thickening of the extrahepatic bile duct on computed tomography was analysed in 30 cases with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis diagnosed by surgery (n=19) or clinical basis (n=11). The mean wall thickness of the extrahepatic bile duct was 3.3mm (range, 1-6.3mm). Diffuse thickening of the extrahepatic bile ductal wall was demonstrated in 26 of 30 cases. Diffuse thickening of the extrahepatic bile duct in recurrent pyogenic cholangitis may be differentiated from focal thickening of duct in a common duct cancer or pancreatic cancer.
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic* ; Cholangitis* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms

The pattern of thickening of the extrahepatic bile duct on computed tomography was analysed in 30 cases with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis diagnosed by surgery (n=19) or clinical basis (n=11). The mean wall thickness of the extrahepatic bile duct was 3.3mm (range, 1-6.3mm). Diffuse thickening of the extrahepatic bile ductal wall was demonstrated in 26 of 30 cases. Diffuse thickening of the extrahepatic bile duct in recurrent pyogenic cholangitis may be differentiated from focal thickening of duct in a common duct cancer or pancreatic cancer.
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic* ; Cholangitis* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Mass Screening* ; Prospective Studies*

A 45-year-old man was referred from a local clinic with persistent fever, intermittent pain in the left upper abdomen, and weight loss of 7 kg. He quit his animal husbandry 18 months ago when his cows were found to be infected with Brucella. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan taken on admission showed splenomegaly with a wedge-shaped hypoattenuating region in the enhanced image, which was consistent with splenic infarction. Serology for Bruculla was strongly positive with the standard tube agglutination test (1/2560). After initiation of doxycycline (100 mg every 12 hrs) and rifampin (600 mg every day), the patient's condition improved, and was discharged with oral antibiotics that were to be continued for 3 months. During the 12 months' follow up at the outpatient department, the patient had no symptoms, and the last agglutination titer for Brucella in serum had decreased to 1/40. To our knowledge, this is the first report on splenic infarction associated with brucellosis in Korea, which was treated successfully with antibiotic therapy.
Abdomen ; Agglutination ; Agglutination Tests ; Animal Husbandry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Brucella ; Brucellosis ; Doxycycline ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; Rifampin ; Splenic Infarction ; Splenomegaly ; Weight Loss

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are limited published data on the incidence and cost associated with cardiac implantable electrical device (CIED) infection for Asian patients. We analyzed the infection burden associated with the implantation of CIEDs in Korea. METHODS: In the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) database during the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, we identified 16,908 patients with CIED implantation. CIED infection was defined as either: 1) Infection-related diagnosis code by the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases after any CIED procedure; or 2) CIED removal along with systemic infection. RESULTS: The proportions of first implantation and replacement were 77.6% and 22.4%, respectively. During the follow-up period of 17.1±10.6 months, a total of 462 patients had CIED infection with incidence of 1.95 per 100 person-years with higher infection rate in replacement than first implantation (3.97 vs. 1.4 per 100 person-years, p<0.001). The average cost per person was US$ 16,584 (pacemaker, $13,736; implantable cardioverter defibrillator, $28,402; cardiac resynchronization therapy, $29,674). The risk factors of CIED infection were generator replacement (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.60–3.78), diabetes mellitus (aHR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.58–2.38), and congestive heart failure (aHR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.51–2.28). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of CIED infection in Korea was 1.95 per 100 person-years with average cost of US$ 16,584. The most important risk factor was generator replacement. This result suggests that generator replacement should be performed cautiously to avoid CIED infection.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ; Classification ; Cohort Studies ; Defibrillators ; Defibrillators, Implantable ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Risk Factors

Background and Objectives: Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) can be continuously detected by cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs); however, the predictors of clinically relevant AHREs are unclear. Methods: This prospective multicenter study monitored 816 patients (median age 73 years, 40.4% male) without atrial fibrillation (AF) from September 2017 to July 2020. AHREs was defined as a programmed atrial detection rate >220 beats/min. The reference values of 6 minutes and 6 hours were set to analyze clinical implication of AHREs based on previously published data that the 6 minutes excluded most episodes of oversensing. Results: During a median follow-up of 18 months (interquartile interval 9–26 months), AHREs with the longest durations of >15 seconds, >6 minutes, and >6 hours and clinically documented AF by electrocardiography were noted in 246 (30.1%), 112 (13.7%), 49 (6.0%), and 24 (2.9%) patients, respectively. Among patients developing AHREs >6 minutes, 102 (91.1%) of 112 patients were identified at the 6-month visit. Patients with AHREs >6 minutes had higher proportions of sick sinus syndrome, subjects with atrial premature beat >1% on Holter monitoring, and larger left atrium (LA) size than patients with AHREs ≤6 minutes.Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that LA diameter >41 mm (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.25–3.45), and sick sinus syndrome (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.91–5.43) were associated with AHREs >6 minutes. Conclusions In patients with LA diameter >41 mm, and sick sinus syndrome before CIEDs implantation is associated with risk of developing AHREs >6 minutes.

Background and Objectives: Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) can be continuously detected by cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs); however, the predictors of clinically relevant AHREs are unclear. Methods: This prospective multicenter study monitored 816 patients (median age 73 years, 40.4% male) without atrial fibrillation (AF) from September 2017 to July 2020. AHREs was defined as a programmed atrial detection rate >220 beats/min. The reference values of 6 minutes and 6 hours were set to analyze clinical implication of AHREs based on previously published data that the 6 minutes excluded most episodes of oversensing. Results: During a median follow-up of 18 months (interquartile interval 9–26 months), AHREs with the longest durations of >15 seconds, >6 minutes, and >6 hours and clinically documented AF by electrocardiography were noted in 246 (30.1%), 112 (13.7%), 49 (6.0%), and 24 (2.9%) patients, respectively. Among patients developing AHREs >6 minutes, 102 (91.1%) of 112 patients were identified at the 6-month visit. Patients with AHREs >6 minutes had higher proportions of sick sinus syndrome, subjects with atrial premature beat >1% on Holter monitoring, and larger left atrium (LA) size than patients with AHREs ≤6 minutes.Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that LA diameter >41 mm (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.25–3.45), and sick sinus syndrome (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.91–5.43) were associated with AHREs >6 minutes. Conclusions In patients with LA diameter >41 mm, and sick sinus syndrome before CIEDs implantation is associated with risk of developing AHREs >6 minutes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are limited published data on the incidence and cost associated with cardiac implantable electrical device (CIED) infection for Asian patients. We analyzed the infection burden associated with the implantation of CIEDs in Korea. METHODS: In the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) database during the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, we identified 16,908 patients with CIED implantation. CIED infection was defined as either: 1) Infection-related diagnosis code by the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases after any CIED procedure; or 2) CIED removal along with systemic infection. RESULTS: The proportions of first implantation and replacement were 77.6% and 22.4%, respectively. During the follow-up period of 17.1±10.6 months, a total of 462 patients had CIED infection with incidence of 1.95 per 100 person-years with higher infection rate in replacement than first implantation (3.97 vs. 1.4 per 100 person-years, p<0.001). The average cost per person was US$ 16,584 (pacemaker, $13,736; implantable cardioverter defibrillator, $28,402; cardiac resynchronization therapy, $29,674). The risk factors of CIED infection were generator replacement (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.60–3.78), diabetes mellitus (aHR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.58–2.38), and congestive heart failure (aHR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.51–2.28). CONCLUSIONS The rate of CIED infection in Korea was 1.95 per 100 person-years with average cost of US$ 16,584. The most important risk factor was generator replacement. This result suggests that generator replacement should be performed cautiously to avoid CIED infection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and the incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation after catheter ablation in patients with of atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus node dysfunction (SND). METHODS: Among 3,068 total consecutive patients who underwent AF catheter ablation (AFCA), this study included 222 (9.5%; men 53.2%, 63.7±9.2 years of age, 81.5% paroxysmal AF) with underlying SND and a regular rhythm follow-up. We analyzed the rhythm outcomes, changes in the mean heart rate or heart rate variability, and permanent pacemaker implantation rate. RESULTS: During 47.5±28.8 months of follow-up, 25 (11.3%) patients received pacemaker implantations due to symptomatic SND. More than half (56.0%, 14/25) underwent a pacemaker implantation within 3 months of the AFCA, and the annual pacemaker implantation rate was 2.0% afterwards. Both the early (68.0% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001) and clinical AF recurrence (68.0% vs. 32.5%, p=0.001) rates and continuous antiarrhythmic drug use after 3 months (44.0% vs. 24.4%, p=0.036) were significantly higher in patients requiring pacemaker implantations than those that did not. An anterior linear ablation (odds ratio [OR], 9.37 [3.03–28.9]; p<0.001) and the E/Em (OR, 1.15 [1.02–1.28]; p=0.018) were independently associated with permanent pacemaker implantations after AFCA in patients with AF and SND. CONCLUSIONS After AFCA in patients with AF and SND, 1 of 9 patients needed a pacemaker implantation and half needed implantations within 3 months. The AF recurrence rate was significantly higher in those who required pacemaker implantations after the AFCA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and the incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation after catheter ablation in patients with of atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus node dysfunction (SND).METHODS: Among 3,068 total consecutive patients who underwent AF catheter ablation (AFCA), this study included 222 (9.5%; men 53.2%, 63.7±9.2 years of age, 81.5% paroxysmal AF) with underlying SND and a regular rhythm follow-up. We analyzed the rhythm outcomes, changes in the mean heart rate or heart rate variability, and permanent pacemaker implantation rate.RESULTS: During 47.5±28.8 months of follow-up, 25 (11.3%) patients received pacemaker implantations due to symptomatic SND. More than half (56.0%, 14/25) underwent a pacemaker implantation within 3 months of the AFCA, and the annual pacemaker implantation rate was 2.0% afterwards. Both the early (68.0% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001) and clinical AF recurrence (68.0% vs. 32.5%, p=0.001) rates and continuous antiarrhythmic drug use after 3 months (44.0% vs. 24.4%, p=0.036) were significantly higher in patients requiring pacemaker implantations than those that did not. An anterior linear ablation (odds ratio [OR], 9.37 [3.03–28.9]; p<0.001) and the E/Em (OR, 1.15 [1.02–1.28]; p=0.018) were independently associated with permanent pacemaker implantations after AFCA in patients with AF and SND.CONCLUSIONS: After AFCA in patients with AF and SND, 1 of 9 patients needed a pacemaker implantation and half needed implantations within 3 months. The AF recurrence rate was significantly higher in those who required pacemaker implantations after the AFCA.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Catheter Ablation ; Catheters ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Pacemaker, Artificial ; Recurrence ; Sick Sinus Syndrome ; Sinoatrial Node