PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing life satisfaction for mothers with children in elementary school. METHODS: Participants were 243 mothers with a child in first and fifth degree of one elementary school in G city. Data were collected from March 20 to April 9, 2010. The instruments used were Satisfaction with Life Scale, Parent Satisfaction Scale, Korean ADHD Rating Scale, Parenting Alliance Inventory and Scale for Measuring Family Strengths. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 14.0 computer program and included one-way ANOVA, Scheffe back-testing, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The life satisfaction of the mothers showed significantly positive correlations with parent role satisfaction, spousal support, and family strengths and negative correlations with ADHD. Significant predictors of life satisfaction for mothers with children in elementary school were spousal support and sharing of value systems, and these variables explained 37.0% of the variance in life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that improvement of spousal support and sharing of the family value system should be helpful in promoting life satisfaction for mothers with children in elementary school.
Child* ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Parenting ; Parents

PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic role of FNA, PCNB, and a combination of both methods in patients who underwent percutaneous transthoracic biopsy for a malignant or benign intrathoracic lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the findings of 213 patients with an intrathoracic mass or consolidation who underwent FNA (Group A, n=98), PCNB (Group B, n=31) or a combination of both methods (Group C, n=84). Under fluoroscopic guidance, diagnoses were based on the findings of surgery, biopsy at another site or clinical and radiologic follow-up. In the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant disease, and in the diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, non-tuberculous infectious disease and benign mass, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were statistically analysed in each group. RESULTS: Among 213 patients, lesions were malignant in 134 and benign in 79. In group A, sensitivity and specificity were 90.1% and 100% for malignant lesions, and 91.5% and 90.1% for benign, while in group B, the corresponding findings were 90.4% and 100%, and 90.0% and 90.1%. In group C, corresponding rates of 95.1% and 100% (p<0.05) and 100% and 92% (p<0.05) were recorded. In group C, accuracy and sensitivity were higher than in group A or (p<0.05). Post-procedural pneumothorax occurred in 15.3% of group A, 13.3% of group B, and 20.6% of group C, while hemoptysis was found in 7.1% of group A, 13.3% group B, and 2.9% of group C. Among the three groups, the complication rate showed no statistically significant variation (p<0.05). In the specific diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer, the sensitivity and specificity of FNA and PCNB were, respectively, 100% and 98.5%, and 90.0% and 98.0% (p<0.05) ; for tuberculosis, the corresponding figures were 35.0% and 100%, and 20.0% and 97.2 (p<0.05). FNA was better in the diagnosis of non-tuberculous infectious disease, while PCNB was better in the specific diagnosis of benign masses, without statistical significance. Conclusion: FNA is superior to PCNB in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and the differentiation of small cell lung cancer, and is thus the indicated initial approach for the majority of patients who are to undergo transthoracic bigosy. A combination of FNA and PCNB can provide more accurate differentiation between malignant and benign thoracic disease, without increasing the complication rate, than can one method used alone.
Biopsy* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Biopsy, Needle* ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Needles* ; Pneumothorax ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; Thoracic Diseases ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Mast cells are immune-mediators producing cells and involved in neovascularization of some tumors. Such roast cell is divided into two cell types: mucosal mast cell and connective tissue mast cell. There are controversies about the roles of mast cells in suppression and metastasis of some tumors (including bladder tumor). We performed bladder mucosal biopsies in 28 patients (from September 1994 to July 1996) and observed bladder mucosal mast cell responses in bladder tumor (TCC) under toluidine blue stain (x 400). Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A was consisted of bladder tumor patients (21 cases), whereas group B was the control group (7 cases). Mast cell responses, average mucosal mast cell counts in high power field, in group A and B were 1.75+/-0.25 cells/HPF, 0.29+/-0.20 cel1/HPF respectively. We observed more mast cell responses in bladder tumor patients group. But fundamental researches will be needed to elucidate the causes of mast cell activation in bladder tumor.
Biopsy ; Connective Tissue ; Humans ; Mast Cells* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Tolonium Chloride ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

We report a case of carcinosarcoma involving the ureter, bladder and kidney in a 63-year-old woman. The diagnosis of carcinosarcoma was confirmed by immunohistochemical stain.
Carcinosarcoma* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney* ; Middle Aged ; Ureter* ; Urinary Bladder*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore the influence of academic institutional interest, open parent-adolescent communication, social (friend) support, and existential spiritual well-being on suicidal ideation of college students. METHODS: The research design was descriptive survey research involving 285 college students in city G. Data was collected from May 18, 2011 to November 2, 2011 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: The findings reveal that suicidal ideation of college students was low, i.e., average score was 9.2+/-3.65 (possible range 5~25). This study determined that suicidal ideation is negatively correlated with interest on the part of the academic institution, open parent-adolescent communication, social support from friends, and existential spiritual well-being. The extent of existential spiritual well-being was a significant predictor of suicidal ideation, controlling for general characteristics variables (gender, number of close friends, first supporter) and institutional interest, open parent-adolescent communication, and social support. Existential spiritual well-being accounted for 50% of the explanation of suicidal ideation of college students. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this study, designing an intervention program that emphasizes existential spiritual well-being in order to decrease suicidal ideation of tertiary education students is strongly recommended.
Education ; Friends ; Humans ; Research Design ; Suicidal Ideation*

There have been some case reports of the coexitence of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis. Some reporters proposed that their coexistence may be associated through a common pathophysiological mechanism mediated by catecholamine secretion. Also some noted that trasient renal artery stenosis due to a spasm was induced by the catecholamines released from pheochromacytoma. We report a case of left paraaortic extraadrenal pheochromacytoma that had a transient oral captopril test positive result. After 5 days alpha-antagonist reduced the vasospastic response of catecholamines. After surgical removal of the tumor, plasma catecholamines and urinary vanillymandelic acid concentrations as well as the blood pressure level, were restored to normal.
Blood Pressure ; Captopril* ; Catecholamines ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Plasma ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; Spasm

BACKGROUND: The radial forearm flap is a versatile, widely used flap. However, the possibility of donor site complications has led to concern over its use. Some surgeons prefer using other flaps whose donor sites can be closed primarily with less morbidity, including avoiding unpleasant scarring. However, in our experience, donor site stability of the radial forearm flap can be reliably achieved by using well-implemented specific procedures. Here, we present a collection of donor site cases of the radial forearm flap and investigate factors that affect the aesthetic results as the basis for a reference for selecting a radial forearm flap. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed 171 cases in which a radial forearm flap was used for free tissue transfer after resecting head and neck cancer. We focused on donor site morbidity rates. Each operation involved a detailed procedure designed to minimize donor site morbidity. Moreover, statistical investigations were conducted for 22 cases to determine factors affecting the scar appearance. RESULTS: Only one case developed total skin graft necrosis as a major complication. Scar-related aesthetic results were acceptable, and the body-mass index, body weight, diabetes, and cardiac problems were significant factors related to the appearance of scars. CONCLUSIONS: Performing the radial forearm flap using a well-implemented detailed technique helps achieve acceptable donor site morbidity results. The aesthetic results were more promising for patients without excess body weight, diabetes, or cardiac problems. Therefore, anxiety about donor site morbidity should not be a reason to avoid selecting the radial forearm flap in suitable patients.
Anxiety ; Body Weight ; Cicatrix ; Esthetics ; Forearm* ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Skin Transplantation ; Tissue Donors* ; Transplants

A 63-year old man, who was a stone mason, was hospitalized due to dyspnea and generalized edema. Chest X-ray showed the presence of multiple scattered small nodular opacities in both lobes and egg-shell calcification in both hilum. Laboratory finding showed proteinuria and hematuria and antinuclear antibody was positive. Renal biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy and tubular atrophy. He was treated with cyclophosphamide, but proteinuria has been sustained. In literature reviewed, silicosis was associated with various forms of glomerulonephritis, but in Korea, such case has not been reported except the one case of microscopic polyangitis with membranous glomerulonephropathy associated with pulmonary silicosis. We experienced membranous nephropathy in a patient with pulmonary silicosis, thus we report it.
Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Atrophy ; Biopsy ; Cyclophosphamide ; Dyspnea ; Edema ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Proteinuria ; Silicosis* ; Thorax

A 63-year old man, who was a stone mason, was hospitalized due to dyspnea and generalized edema. Chest X-ray showed the presence of multiple scattered small nodular opacities in both lobes and egg-shell calcification in both hilum. Laboratory finding showed proteinuria and hematuria and antinuclear antibody was positive. Renal biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy and tubular atrophy. He was treated with cyclophosphamide, but proteinuria has been sustained. In literature reviewed, silicosis was associated with various forms of glomerulonephritis, but in Korea, such case has not been reported except the one case of microscopic polyangitis with membranous glomerulonephropathy associated with pulmonary silicosis. We experienced membranous nephropathy in a patient with pulmonary silicosis, thus we report it.
Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Atrophy ; Biopsy ; Cyclophosphamide ; Dyspnea ; Edema ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Proteinuria ; Silicosis* ; Thorax

OBJECTIVESTo clarify the effects of acupuncture stimulation at Zusanli (ST 36) on the hormonal changes.

METHODSEight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received acupuncture stimulation at acupoint ST 36 or Quchi (LI 11) once a day for 3 or 5 days in the acupuncture-stimulated groups, but not received in the normal group (n=6 in each group). On day 3 or 5, animals were given 0.1 mL of charcoal orally with a bulbed steel needle, 30 min after the last acupuncture stimulation. Ten minutes later, mice were anesthetized, and the intestinal transit and the concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), motilin, ghrelin and gastrin in the serum were measured.

RESULTSCompared to no acupuncture stimulation, acupuncture stimulation at ST 36 for 5 days increased the intestinal transit and down-regulated the concentration of VIP and up-regulated the concentrations of motilin, ghrelin and gastrin (P<0.05 or 0.01), whereas acupuncture stimulation at LI 11 did not change them signifificantly (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture stimulation at ST 36 for 5 days enhances the small intestinal motility and regulates the secretion of hormones related to small intestinal motility.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; physiology ; Hormones ; blood ; Intestine, Small ; physiology ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL