Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is difficult to characterize and classify on simple radiographs. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver reliability of simple radiography and computed tomography (CT) for detecting and classifying HO after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). It was hypothesized that CT would provide more reliable results than simple radiography. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 30 patients who underwent RSA performed by a single surgeon. Patients were included if they had both postoperative simple radiographs and CT images taken immediately after surgery and at 1 year after surgery and if they had completed clinical assessment at least 1 year after surgery. We first evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliability for the detection of the presence of HO and Modified Brooker’s classification both on simple radiographs and CT scans with the use of Kappa statistics. Then, we analyzed the correlation of HO observed in simple radiographs and CT scans with clinical outcomes. All radiographic evaluations were performed by 2 independent reviewers in random orders with 3 weeks of intervals. Results: The intraobserver reliability outcomes of both reviewers in simple radiography and CT were almost perfect or perfect for the detection of HO and classification. However, CT images improved the interobserver reliability for the detection of HO (kappa value for simple radiographs [KXR ] = 0.6018 and kappa value for CT [KCT ] = 0.8316) and classification (KXR = 0.5300 and KCT = 0.6964).At a mean follow-up of 25 months (range, 12–54 months), clinical scores were not significantly different according to the presence of HO based on simple radiographs. However, when CT images were used, the University of California, Los Angeles score and physical component score of short-form 36-item health survey were significantly lower in patients with HO than in patients without HO (27.0 vs. 30.4, p = 0.045 and 57.6 vs. 70.7, p = 0.034, respectively). Conclusions Both simple radiography and CT provided excellent intraobserver reliability for detecting and classifying HO after RSA. Compared to simple radiography, CT tended to improve interobserver reliability and defined the presence and severity of HO more clearly.

Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is difficult to characterize and classify on simple radiographs. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver reliability of simple radiography and computed tomography (CT) for detecting and classifying HO after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). It was hypothesized that CT would provide more reliable results than simple radiography. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 30 patients who underwent RSA performed by a single surgeon. Patients were included if they had both postoperative simple radiographs and CT images taken immediately after surgery and at 1 year after surgery and if they had completed clinical assessment at least 1 year after surgery. We first evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliability for the detection of the presence of HO and Modified Brooker’s classification both on simple radiographs and CT scans with the use of Kappa statistics. Then, we analyzed the correlation of HO observed in simple radiographs and CT scans with clinical outcomes. All radiographic evaluations were performed by 2 independent reviewers in random orders with 3 weeks of intervals. Results: The intraobserver reliability outcomes of both reviewers in simple radiography and CT were almost perfect or perfect for the detection of HO and classification. However, CT images improved the interobserver reliability for the detection of HO (kappa value for simple radiographs [KXR ] = 0.6018 and kappa value for CT [KCT ] = 0.8316) and classification (KXR = 0.5300 and KCT = 0.6964).At a mean follow-up of 25 months (range, 12–54 months), clinical scores were not significantly different according to the presence of HO based on simple radiographs. However, when CT images were used, the University of California, Los Angeles score and physical component score of short-form 36-item health survey were significantly lower in patients with HO than in patients without HO (27.0 vs. 30.4, p = 0.045 and 57.6 vs. 70.7, p = 0.034, respectively). Conclusions Both simple radiography and CT provided excellent intraobserver reliability for detecting and classifying HO after RSA. Compared to simple radiography, CT tended to improve interobserver reliability and defined the presence and severity of HO more clearly.

Purpose: This study evaluates the viability of a new method that employs transperineal targeted biopsy with frozen section analysis immediately followed by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), bypassing the traditional systematic biopsy deemed essential by current guidelines. Materials and Methods: Patient selection was based on the following inclusion criteria: those who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy with frozen section analysis and concurrent RARP. Eligibility also required features indicative of Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 5 lesion on multiparametric MRI, along with one of these additional criteria: (1) MRI evidence suggesting extracapsular extension (ECE) with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level >10 ng/mL, or (2) a PSA level > 20 ng/mL. Results: Twelve patients were enrolled in this study according to inclusion criteria. The median age (interquartile range) was 73.5 (69.5–75.3) years and PSA was 22.9 (17.0–29.9) ng/mL. Three patients had PI-RADS 5 lesions, and 9 had PI-RADS 5 lesions with findings of ECE. In all cases, the diagnosis based on frozen sections confirmed adenocarcinoma. Following confirmation, each patient underwent immediate RARP. According to the final pathology report, 2 patients had International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2 disease, 7 patients had ISUP grade 3, 1 had ISUP grade 4, and 2 had ISUP grade 5 disease. Four patients had stage pT2 disease, 3 had stage pT3a, and 5 had stage pT3b. The median immediate reporting time of the target biopsy frozen section was 20 (19.3–24.5) minutes. No perioperative complications related to target biopsy were observed. Conclusion For patients with a strong suspicion of prostate cancer and a PI-RADS 5 lesion, integrating simultaneous prostate frozen target biopsy with radical prostatectomy may offer a feasible treatment alternative, obviating the necessity for a preoperative systematic biopsy.

Purpose: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is considered a microvascular disorder and serves as an indicator for the potential development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) reflects early myocardial damage caused by microvascular disorders, the association between ED and LVDD remains poorly elucidated. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 123 patients with ED. They underwent RigiScan, and conventional echocardiography, and attempted International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. ED severity was evaluated by measuring changes in the penile base circumference and duration of penile rigidity (≥70%) during erection. The early diastolic velocity of mitral inflow (E) and early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e′) were measured using echocardiography. The patients were grouped based on the presence of CVD. Results: Among 123 patients, 29 had CVD and 94 did not. Patients with CVD exhibited more pronounced ED and more severe LVDD. Associations between increased penile circumference with echocardiographic parameters were more prominent in patients with CVD than in those without CVD (ΔTtop and e′ wave, r=0.508 and r=0.282, respectively, p for interaction=0.033; ΔTbase and E/e′ ratio, r=-0.338 and r=-0.293, respectively, p for interaction <0.001). In the multivariate linear regression, the increase of penile base circumference was an independent risk factor for LVDD (e′, B=0.503; E/e′ ratio, B=-1.416, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions ED severity correlated well with LV diastolic dysfunction, particularly in the presence of CVD. This study highlighted the potential role of ED assessment as early indicator of CVD development.

Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is difficult to characterize and classify on simple radiographs. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver reliability of simple radiography and computed tomography (CT) for detecting and classifying HO after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). It was hypothesized that CT would provide more reliable results than simple radiography. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 30 patients who underwent RSA performed by a single surgeon. Patients were included if they had both postoperative simple radiographs and CT images taken immediately after surgery and at 1 year after surgery and if they had completed clinical assessment at least 1 year after surgery. We first evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliability for the detection of the presence of HO and Modified Brooker’s classification both on simple radiographs and CT scans with the use of Kappa statistics. Then, we analyzed the correlation of HO observed in simple radiographs and CT scans with clinical outcomes. All radiographic evaluations were performed by 2 independent reviewers in random orders with 3 weeks of intervals. Results: The intraobserver reliability outcomes of both reviewers in simple radiography and CT were almost perfect or perfect for the detection of HO and classification. However, CT images improved the interobserver reliability for the detection of HO (kappa value for simple radiographs [KXR ] = 0.6018 and kappa value for CT [KCT ] = 0.8316) and classification (KXR = 0.5300 and KCT = 0.6964).At a mean follow-up of 25 months (range, 12–54 months), clinical scores were not significantly different according to the presence of HO based on simple radiographs. However, when CT images were used, the University of California, Los Angeles score and physical component score of short-form 36-item health survey were significantly lower in patients with HO than in patients without HO (27.0 vs. 30.4, p = 0.045 and 57.6 vs. 70.7, p = 0.034, respectively). Conclusions Both simple radiography and CT provided excellent intraobserver reliability for detecting and classifying HO after RSA. Compared to simple radiography, CT tended to improve interobserver reliability and defined the presence and severity of HO more clearly.

Purpose: This study evaluates the viability of a new method that employs transperineal targeted biopsy with frozen section analysis immediately followed by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), bypassing the traditional systematic biopsy deemed essential by current guidelines. Materials and Methods: Patient selection was based on the following inclusion criteria: those who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy with frozen section analysis and concurrent RARP. Eligibility also required features indicative of Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 5 lesion on multiparametric MRI, along with one of these additional criteria: (1) MRI evidence suggesting extracapsular extension (ECE) with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level >10 ng/mL, or (2) a PSA level > 20 ng/mL. Results: Twelve patients were enrolled in this study according to inclusion criteria. The median age (interquartile range) was 73.5 (69.5–75.3) years and PSA was 22.9 (17.0–29.9) ng/mL. Three patients had PI-RADS 5 lesions, and 9 had PI-RADS 5 lesions with findings of ECE. In all cases, the diagnosis based on frozen sections confirmed adenocarcinoma. Following confirmation, each patient underwent immediate RARP. According to the final pathology report, 2 patients had International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2 disease, 7 patients had ISUP grade 3, 1 had ISUP grade 4, and 2 had ISUP grade 5 disease. Four patients had stage pT2 disease, 3 had stage pT3a, and 5 had stage pT3b. The median immediate reporting time of the target biopsy frozen section was 20 (19.3–24.5) minutes. No perioperative complications related to target biopsy were observed. Conclusion For patients with a strong suspicion of prostate cancer and a PI-RADS 5 lesion, integrating simultaneous prostate frozen target biopsy with radical prostatectomy may offer a feasible treatment alternative, obviating the necessity for a preoperative systematic biopsy.

Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is difficult to characterize and classify on simple radiographs. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver reliability of simple radiography and computed tomography (CT) for detecting and classifying HO after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). It was hypothesized that CT would provide more reliable results than simple radiography. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 30 patients who underwent RSA performed by a single surgeon. Patients were included if they had both postoperative simple radiographs and CT images taken immediately after surgery and at 1 year after surgery and if they had completed clinical assessment at least 1 year after surgery. We first evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliability for the detection of the presence of HO and Modified Brooker’s classification both on simple radiographs and CT scans with the use of Kappa statistics. Then, we analyzed the correlation of HO observed in simple radiographs and CT scans with clinical outcomes. All radiographic evaluations were performed by 2 independent reviewers in random orders with 3 weeks of intervals. Results: The intraobserver reliability outcomes of both reviewers in simple radiography and CT were almost perfect or perfect for the detection of HO and classification. However, CT images improved the interobserver reliability for the detection of HO (kappa value for simple radiographs [KXR ] = 0.6018 and kappa value for CT [KCT ] = 0.8316) and classification (KXR = 0.5300 and KCT = 0.6964).At a mean follow-up of 25 months (range, 12–54 months), clinical scores were not significantly different according to the presence of HO based on simple radiographs. However, when CT images were used, the University of California, Los Angeles score and physical component score of short-form 36-item health survey were significantly lower in patients with HO than in patients without HO (27.0 vs. 30.4, p = 0.045 and 57.6 vs. 70.7, p = 0.034, respectively). Conclusions Both simple radiography and CT provided excellent intraobserver reliability for detecting and classifying HO after RSA. Compared to simple radiography, CT tended to improve interobserver reliability and defined the presence and severity of HO more clearly.

Purpose: This study evaluates the viability of a new method that employs transperineal targeted biopsy with frozen section analysis immediately followed by robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), bypassing the traditional systematic biopsy deemed essential by current guidelines. Materials and Methods: Patient selection was based on the following inclusion criteria: those who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy with frozen section analysis and concurrent RARP. Eligibility also required features indicative of Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 5 lesion on multiparametric MRI, along with one of these additional criteria: (1) MRI evidence suggesting extracapsular extension (ECE) with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level >10 ng/mL, or (2) a PSA level > 20 ng/mL. Results: Twelve patients were enrolled in this study according to inclusion criteria. The median age (interquartile range) was 73.5 (69.5–75.3) years and PSA was 22.9 (17.0–29.9) ng/mL. Three patients had PI-RADS 5 lesions, and 9 had PI-RADS 5 lesions with findings of ECE. In all cases, the diagnosis based on frozen sections confirmed adenocarcinoma. Following confirmation, each patient underwent immediate RARP. According to the final pathology report, 2 patients had International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2 disease, 7 patients had ISUP grade 3, 1 had ISUP grade 4, and 2 had ISUP grade 5 disease. Four patients had stage pT2 disease, 3 had stage pT3a, and 5 had stage pT3b. The median immediate reporting time of the target biopsy frozen section was 20 (19.3–24.5) minutes. No perioperative complications related to target biopsy were observed. Conclusion For patients with a strong suspicion of prostate cancer and a PI-RADS 5 lesion, integrating simultaneous prostate frozen target biopsy with radical prostatectomy may offer a feasible treatment alternative, obviating the necessity for a preoperative systematic biopsy.

Purpose: Surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy have prolonged the survival of patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma. However, whether RT induces long-term toxicity remains unknown. We analyzed the relationship between the RT dose to the fornix and symptomatic radiation necrosis (SRN). Materials and Methods: A total of 67 patients treated between 2009 and 2019 were analyzed. SRN was defined according to the following three criteria: 1) radiographic findings, 2) symptoms attributable to the lesion, and 3) treatment resulting in symptom improvement. Various contours, including the fornix, were delineated. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the relationship between RT dose and SRN, as well as receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for cut-off values, were performed. Results: The most common location was the frontal lobe (n=40, 60%). Gross total resection was performed in 38 patients (57%), and 42 patients (63%) received procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 42 months, the median overall and progression-free survival was 74 months. Sixteen patients (24%) developed SRN. In multivariate analysis, age and maximum dose to the fornix were associated with the development of SRN. The cut-off values for the maximum dose to the fornix and age were 59 Gy (equivalent dose delivered in 2 Gy fractions) and 46 years, respectively. The rate of SRN was higher in patients whose maximum dose to the fornix was >59 Gy (13% vs. 43%, p=0.005). Conclusion The maximum dose to the fornix was a significant factor for SRN development. While fornix sparing may help maintain neurocognitive function, additional studies are needed.

Background: To evaluate the chemosensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX) in two primary cells derived from a tumor of FVB/N-Trp53tm1Hw1 knockout (KO) mice with TALEN-mediated Trp53 mutant gene, we evaluated the cell survivability, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic cell numbers and apoptotic protein expression in solid tumor cells and ascetic tumor cells treated with DOX. Results: The primary tumor cells showed a significant (P < 0.05) defect for UV-induced upregulation of the Trp53 pro-tein, and consisted of different ratios of leukocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. The ­ IC50 level to DOX was lower in both primary cells ­(IC50 = 0.12 μM and 0.20 μM) as compared to the CT26 cells ­(IC50 = 0.32  μM), although the solid tumor was more sensitive. Also, the number of cells arrested at the G0/G1 stage was significantly decreased (24.7–23.1% in primary tumor cells treated with DOX, P < 0.05) while arrest at the G2 stage was enhanced to 296.8–254.3% in DOX-treated primary tumor cells compared with DOX-treated CT26 cells. Furthermore, apoptotic cells of early and late stage were greatly increased in the two primary cell-lines treated with DOX when compared to same conditions for CT26 cells. However, the Bax/Bcl-2 expression level was maintained constant in the primary tumor and CT26 cells. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first to successfully detect an alteration in chemosensitivity to DOX in solid tumor cells and ascetic tumor cells derived from tumor of FVB/N-Trp53tm1Hw1 mice TALENmediated Trp53 mutant gene.