Pleural empyema is characterized by presence of pus or microorganism in the pleural fluid. Most cases of empyema in children are caused by bacterial pneumonia, and the most common pathogen is Staphylococcus areus or Streptococcus pneumoniae. But other uncommon causes of empyema include esophageal rupture, mediastinal disease, tumors, sepsis, thoracic trauma, and surgery can be produced by various pathogens. We experienced a case of Escherichia coli empyema followed by gastroenteritis in 9-year-old boy.
Child ; Empyema* ; Empyema, Pleural ; Escherichia coli ; Gastroenteritis* ; Humans ; Male ; Mediastinal Diseases ; Pneumonia, Bacterial ; Rupture ; Sepsis ; Staphylococcus ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Suppuration

Nesidioblastosis is a term that describes the prolonged differentiation of islets of Langerhan's cells from the epithelium of the pancreatic duct. Nesidioblastosis is a primarily childhood disease, which is often associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, but rarely found in adults. A 62-year-old man with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia complained of general weakness and mental change while fasting. Abdominopelvic CT, celiac angiography, intra-arterial calcium stimulation test and endoscopic ultrasonography did not reveal any tumor in the pancreas. A subtotal pancreatectomy (nearly 80% of pancreas was removed) was then carried out. He was diagnosed with nesidioblastosis inform the pathology after the operation. Herein, our experience of a 62-year-old Nesidioblastosis patient is reported.
Adult* ; Angiography ; Calcium ; Endosonography ; Epithelium ; Fasting ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia* ; Middle Aged ; Nesidioblastosis* ; Pancreas ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pathology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) or operative cholangiography is the procedure to demonstrate and remove stones of the biliary tree in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) due to cholelithiasis. However, ERCP or operative cholangiography is an invasive procedure. The next question then is when and for what indication should ERCP or operative cholangiography be performed. The aims of this study were to assess whether prediction of common bile duct(CBD) stones by the noninvasive method such as liver function test and/or clinical findings is possible, and to investigate which method is more adequate for removal of CBD stones found on ERCP or operative cholangiography. METHODS: A total 207 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis scheduled for LC were enrolled from September 1993 to August 1996. Patients who were already found to have either extrahepatic or intrahepatic biliary stones on sonogram were excluded. Patients were classified into risk group and non-risk group. Patients who belong to the risk group were those having CBD dilatation by ultrasonography, history of jaundice or cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, or elevated transaminases. RESULTS: 54 cases were confirmed to have CBD stones by preoperative ERCP(49 cases) and operative cholangiography(5 cases). Detection rate of CBD stones in risk group was 26.8%(22.2% in CBD dilatation, 50.0% in jaundice, 42.9% in history of cholangitis, and 0% in history gallstone pancreatitis or elevated transaminase). Detection rate of CBD stones in non-risk group was 7.7%. All of 12 patients who had CBD stones were successfully removed(10 with preoperative endoscopic removal, 1 with postoperative endoscopic removal, and 1 with CBD exploration). CONCLUSIONS: Jaundice or cholangitis need the preoperative ERCP and, if stones are found, they can be revoved endoscopically. CBD dilatation may be an indication for operative cholangiography rather than preoperative ERCP, and, if CBD stones were found, they can be revoved by laparoscopic CBD exploration or postoperative ERCP. But history of gallstone pancreatitis, elevated transaminases, or patients with no risk factors may not need preoperative ERCP or operative cholangiography considering the cost-effectiveness or possible morbidity.
Bile ; Biliary Tract ; Cholangiography ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Choledocholithiasis* ; Cholelithiasis* ; Dilatation ; Gallstones ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Liver Function Tests ; Pancreatitis ; Risk Factors ; Transaminases ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Differences in definitions of the condition, relevant triggers, and the geographical locations of study centers, cause estimates of the prevalence of anaphylaxis to vary. Recent epidemiological data indicate that the incidence of anaphylaxis is rising. METHODS: To investigate the causes and clinical features of anaphylaxis in Korean adults, factors associated with the severity of the condition, and serious outcomes, a retrospective medical record review was performed on adult patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2007 and 2011 in 15 University Hospitals of South Korea. RESULTS: A total of 1,806 cases (52% male, age 16-86 years) were reported. Cutaneous symptoms (84.0%), combined with respiratory (53.9%) and/or cardiovascular (55.4%) symptoms, were the most frequent presentations. Using a recognized grading system, 1,776 cases could be classified as either mild, 340; moderate, 690; or severe, 746. Although eliciting factors varied significantly by age, gender, and regional and seasonal factors, drugs (46.5%; including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and radiocontrast media) were the most common cause of anaphylaxis, followed by foods (24.2%), insect stings (16.4%), exercise (5.9%), and unknown etiology (7.0%). All of age, multi-organ involvement, a history of allergic disease, and drug-induced anaphylaxis, were significant predictors of serious outcomes requiring hospital admission or prolongation of hospital stay. Epinephrine auto-injectors were prescribed for 7.4% of reported cases. CONCLUSIONS: The principal causes of anaphylaxis in Korean adults were drugs, food, and insect stings. Drug-associated anaphylaxis, a history of allergic disease, multi-organ involvement, and older age, were identified as predictors of serious outcomes.
Adult* ; Anaphylaxis* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Epidemiology ; Epinephrine ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Medical Records ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies* ; Seasons

PURPOSE: To investigate whether causes of anaphylaxis vary according to regions and seasons in Korean adults. METHODS: Based on previous retrospective studies of anaphylaxis between 2007 and 2011 at the 15 university hospitals. Regions were classified into 4 groups: region I, Seoul; region II, Gyeonggi; region III, Chungcheong; and region IV, Chonnam and Busan. The cases induced by 5 major allergens including drugs, food, bee sting, radiocontrast media, and exercise, were analyzed in the present study. RESULTS: Among a total of 1,661 cases reported (53% male, 45.9+/-16.0 years), 367 (22.2%), 706 (42.5%), 319 (19.2%), and 269 cases (16.2%) were enrolled in regions I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Of the 5 major allergens, drugs (37.3%) were the most frequently reported, followed by food (25.7%), bee sting (17.9%), radiocontrast media (12.9%), and exercise (6.2%). There was no significant difference in the total occurrence of anaphylaxis in 4 seasons (374 in spring, 460 in summer, 460 in autumn, and 367 in winter). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that drug-induced anaphylaxis was significantly associated with the winter season (odds ratio [OR] 1.0 vs. OR 0.597, P<0.05 for spring; OR 1.0 vs. OR 0.481, P<0.01 for summer; OR 1.0 vs. OR 0.653, P<0.05 for autumn). Food-associated anaphylaxis was mainly reported in region I, whereas the frequency of insect sting was relatively higher in regions II, III, and IV than in region I. Older age and female gender were significantly associated with drug-induced anaphylaxis. CONCLUSION: Specific causative allergens of anaphylaxis in adults may vary according to age, gender, region, and season in Korea.
Adult* ; Allergens ; Anaphylaxis* ; Bees ; Bites and Stings ; Busan ; Contrast Media ; Female ; Geographic Locations ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: We investigated the causes, clinical features, and risk factors of bee venom anaphylaxis in Korea. METHODS: The medical records of the diagnosis of anaphylaxis during a 5-year period from the 14 hospitals in Korea have been retrospectively reviewed. Cases of bee venom anaphylaxis were identified among anaphylaxis patients, and subgroup analyses were done. RESULTS: A total of 291 patients were included. The common cause of bee species was vespid (24.6%) in bee venom anaphylaxis, followed by honeybee and vespid (8.8%), apitherapy (7.7%), and honeybee (2.0%), although the causative bee species were commonly unknown (56.9%). The severity of anaphylaxis was mostly mild-moderate (72.9%), and common clinical manifestations included cutaneous (80.6%), cardiovascular (39.2%), respiratory (38.1%), and gastrointestinal (13.1%) symptoms. Portable epinephrine auto-injectors were prescribed to 12.1% of the patients. Subject positive to both vespid and honeybee showed more severe symptoms and higher epinephrine use (P<0.05). The severity was significantly associated with older age, but not with gender, underlying allergic disease, or family history. Apitherapy-induced anaphylaxis showed a higher rate of hospitalization and epinephrine use than bee sting anaphylaxis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Vespid is the most common cause of bee venom anaphylaxis in Korea. It is suggested that positivity to honeybee and vespid may be associated with more severe symptoms.
Adult* ; Anaphylaxis* ; Apitherapy ; Bee Venoms ; Bees ; Bites and Stings ; Diagnosis ; Epinephrine ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hymenoptera* ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies* ; Risk Factors ; Venoms*

PURPOSE: To investigate the causes, clinical features and characteristics of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) in Korea. METHODS: A retrospective medical chart review was performed on the patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2007 and 2011 in 14 hospitals in Korea. Cases with FDEIA were subsequently identified among anaphylaxis patients, and subgroup analyses were done to assess clinical characteristics of FDEIA. RESULTS: A total of 62 subjects with FDEIA (male, 72.6%; aged 16 to 70 years) were enrolled in 10 hospitals. Wheat (69.3%) was the most common cause of FDEIA, followed by meat (8.1%), seafood (6.5%), and vegetables (6.5%). The clinical manifestations were cutaneous (100%), respiratory (64.5%), cardiovascular (61.3%), and gastrointestinal (9.7%), respectively. In severity assessment, approximately 40% of FDEIA were classified as severe anaphylaxis. Portable epinephrine auto-injector was prescribed to 17.2% of patients, and about one fifth of the patients experienced redevelopment of anaphylactic symptoms during follow-up period. There was no significant difference of age, gender, latent period, total immunoglobulin E, and past history of allergic disease between patients with severe anaphylaxis group and patients with mild-to-moderate group. CONCLUSION: Wheat is the most common cause of FDEIA in Korea. Because significant number of patients with FDEIA experienced anaphylactic symptoms after diagnosis of FDEIA, more comprehensive therapeutic and educational approaches will be required to prevent recurrent development of anaphylaxis.
Aged ; Anaphylaxis ; Epinephrine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Korea ; Meat ; Retrospective Studies ; Seafood ; Triticum ; Vegetables

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Globus is a foreign body sense in the throat without dysphagia, odynophagia, esophageal motility disorders, or gastroesophageal reflux. The etiology is unclear. Previous studies suggested that increased upper esophageal sphincter pressure, gastroesophageal reflux and hypertonicity of esophageal body were possible etiologies. This study was to quantify the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) pressure, contractile front velocity (CFV), proximal contractile integral (PCI), distal contractile integral (DCI) and transition zone (TZ) in patient with globus gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) without globus, and normal controls to suggest the correlation of specific high-resolution manometry (HRM) findings and globus. METHODS: Fifty-seven globus patients, 24 GERD patients and 7 normal controls were studied with HRM since 2009. We reviewed the reports, and selected 5 swallowing plots suitable for analysis in each report, analyzed each individual plot with ManoView. The 5 parameters from each plot in 57 globus patients were compared with that of 24 GERD patients and 7 normal controls. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the UES pressure, CFV, PCI and DCI. TZ (using 30 mmHg isobaric contour) in globus showed significant difference compared with normal controls and GERD patients. The median values of TZ were 4.26 cm (interquartile range [IQR], 2.30-5.85) in globus patients, 5.91 cm (IQR, 3.97-7.62) in GERD patients and 2.26 cm (IQR, 1.22-2.92) in normal controls (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HRM analysis suggested that UES pressure, CFV, PCI and DCI were not associated with globus. Instead increased length of TZ may be correlated with globus. Further study comparing HRM results in globus patients within larger population needs to confirm their correlation.
Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders ; Esophageal Motility Disorders ; Esophageal Sphincter, Upper ; Gastroesophageal Reflux* ; Humans ; Manometry* ; Pharynx

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic sphincterotomy is considered the primary option for treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. In some cases, however, complete stone removal is difficult or even impossible. Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) has been suggested to be an alternative treatment in such cases or in patients with high surgical risks. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of ERBD using a plastic stent for treatment of CBD stones. METHODS: From Mar. 1996 to Aug. 1999, ERBD was performed in 12 patients with CBD stones. Indications for ERBD were old age in 4, a large perivater diverticulum in 4, refusal of surgery in 2, bleeding risk and biliary stricture in 1 each. Nine had one of the significant associated medical conditions. RESULTS: Six of the 12 patients were symptom-free at the time of evaluation (mean 32.9 months). Of the remaining 6 patients, 3 had operation, 1 had a successful endoscopic stone removal, 1 had a stent exchange, and 1 was lost to follow-up at 26 months. Thus, overall success rate of ERBD for treatment of CBD stones was 75% (9/12). Median symptom-free duration was 41 months (range 18~59 months). CONCLUSIONS: In view of its relatively high success rate and long-term effect, ERBD is an alternative modality for treatment of CBD stones, especially in patients with high surgical risks.
Common Bile Duct* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Disulfiram ; Diverticulum ; Drainage* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Plastics* ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic ; Stents*