Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a frequently encountered sensory disorder that increases with aging, assessed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, reference quantitative values for associated anatomical structures have rarely been suggested. The aim of this study was to assess the parameters of the olfactory bulbs (OBs) and olfactory sulcus (OS) in Korean adults according to age, along with their olfactory function. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 217 consecutive patients (104 men, 113 women;mean age, 52.4 ± 15.6 years) who underwent sellar MRI and olfactory function testing before transsphenoidal approach at a single tertiary center from March 2022 to December 2023. Based on the T2-weighted MRI, we evaluated the quantitative size parameters and morphological features of patients’ OB and OS, along with their olfactory function test scores. We assessed the relationship between OB volume and age in pairwise correlations. Results: The mean OB volume was 45.6 ± 15.3 mm 3 in all patients. The patients’ mean Korean version of the Sniffin’ Sticks (KVSS) test II score was 26.8 ± 4.1. OB volume (P < 0.001), height (P < 0.001), and anteroposterior diameter (APD) (P < 0.001) differed significantly among the different age groups. Reduced OB volume was significantly associated with aging (r = –0.58, P < 0.001) and a decline in olfactory function scores (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). Conclusion Based on MRI, we proposed reference OB and OS values in adults of different age groups, highlighting the reduction in OB parameters, especially height and APD along with volume associated with aging and olfactory decline. These values can be useful for evaluating adult patients undergoing MRI for olfactory dysfunction.

Background and Objectives: Sufficient training is essential before starting rhinoplasty due to the nature of the surgery, and how to effectively teach rhinoplasty is a major issue in otolaryngology education. The Korean Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery conducts an annual rhinoplasty hands-on course using a silicone model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course using a dummy nose model in rhinoplasty education.Subjects and Method The annual rhinoplasty hands-on course for beginners was conducted as a dry laboratory surgical simulation equipped with adequate surgical instruments for rhinoplasty. A commercialized silicone nose model for rhinoplasty was provided to each of the 15 trainees and instructors. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given before and after the course. Results: The 15 trainees, consisted of 9 otorhinolaryngology specialists, 5 residents, and 1 private physician. Of the responses, 92.8% were positive about the similarity between the dummy and real human tissue. A step-by-step evaluation was conducted: trainees and instructors were most satisfied with osteotomy, giving it the highest score. After the course, the trainees responded that their knowledge and skills in rhinoplasty improved. Of the trainees, 86.6% answered that they were either strongly or very strongly confident about the rhinoplasty procedure. Instructors evaluated the courses as suitable for rhinoplasty education. Conclusion The rhinoplasty hands-on course using silicone model anatomically similar to human tissue allows trainees to practice major steps of rhinoplasty in a relatively safe and clean way and can be a useful tool for educating rhinoplasty beginners.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Background and Objectives: Sufficient training is essential before starting rhinoplasty due to the nature of the surgery, and how to effectively teach rhinoplasty is a major issue in otolaryngology education. The Korean Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery conducts an annual rhinoplasty hands-on course using a silicone model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course using a dummy nose model in rhinoplasty education.Subjects and Method The annual rhinoplasty hands-on course for beginners was conducted as a dry laboratory surgical simulation equipped with adequate surgical instruments for rhinoplasty. A commercialized silicone nose model for rhinoplasty was provided to each of the 15 trainees and instructors. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given before and after the course. Results: The 15 trainees, consisted of 9 otorhinolaryngology specialists, 5 residents, and 1 private physician. Of the responses, 92.8% were positive about the similarity between the dummy and real human tissue. A step-by-step evaluation was conducted: trainees and instructors were most satisfied with osteotomy, giving it the highest score. After the course, the trainees responded that their knowledge and skills in rhinoplasty improved. Of the trainees, 86.6% answered that they were either strongly or very strongly confident about the rhinoplasty procedure. Instructors evaluated the courses as suitable for rhinoplasty education. Conclusion The rhinoplasty hands-on course using silicone model anatomically similar to human tissue allows trainees to practice major steps of rhinoplasty in a relatively safe and clean way and can be a useful tool for educating rhinoplasty beginners.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Background and Objectives: Sufficient training is essential before starting rhinoplasty due to the nature of the surgery, and how to effectively teach rhinoplasty is a major issue in otolaryngology education. The Korean Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery conducts an annual rhinoplasty hands-on course using a silicone model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course using a dummy nose model in rhinoplasty education.Subjects and Method The annual rhinoplasty hands-on course for beginners was conducted as a dry laboratory surgical simulation equipped with adequate surgical instruments for rhinoplasty. A commercialized silicone nose model for rhinoplasty was provided to each of the 15 trainees and instructors. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given before and after the course. Results: The 15 trainees, consisted of 9 otorhinolaryngology specialists, 5 residents, and 1 private physician. Of the responses, 92.8% were positive about the similarity between the dummy and real human tissue. A step-by-step evaluation was conducted: trainees and instructors were most satisfied with osteotomy, giving it the highest score. After the course, the trainees responded that their knowledge and skills in rhinoplasty improved. Of the trainees, 86.6% answered that they were either strongly or very strongly confident about the rhinoplasty procedure. Instructors evaluated the courses as suitable for rhinoplasty education. Conclusion The rhinoplasty hands-on course using silicone model anatomically similar to human tissue allows trainees to practice major steps of rhinoplasty in a relatively safe and clean way and can be a useful tool for educating rhinoplasty beginners.