The physical fitness and motor ability of 17, 000 school children in Kyoto City, age 10-17, was studied in 1966-1968. A sports test from the Japanese Ministry of Education, 1963 was used.
The sports test consists of seven items-physical fitness diagnostic test and of five items-motor ability test.
At first, the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and g₁-statistics were calculate using the data of each item of the sports test for boys and girls of every age.
In the paper the results obtained by these preliminary analysis of the data are reported The results which are most worth mentioning are as follows.
1. The age when muscular strength is most remarkably developed coincides with the age when the increase of height is the most remarkably developed. However, according to the results obtained from the Modified Harverd Step Test and Endurance Running, improvement of respiratory and circulatory function seems to occur at a slightly older age.
2. In every item of the sports test records clearly show individual differences. The individual differences related to physical fitness and motor ability seem to be greater than the individual differences related to body type. The greatest individual differences are generally found during the age when the children are most rapidly developing-girls, 10-11 years; boys, 12-14.
3. In most of the items, the distribution is found to be asymmetric which is especially noticable in chinning (modified), step test and trunk extention. In these items the evaluation of individual relative ability among the group by the use of mean and standard deviation is not necessarily suitable.
The use of median or mean as the standard value is recommended Records of our subject were compared with the standards records reported by the Japanese Ministry of Education and with several reports done 30-40 years ago.

Using the data on physical fitness and motor ability measured on 17, 000 school children aged 10-17, in Kyoto City, the relationship between body build and physical fitness and the relationship between body build and motor ability have been examined.
When children were classified into five groups according to their height, it was found that the tallest group had generally the most excellent physical fitness and motor ability in both of boys and girls of every age group. The items of sport test in which the tallest group did not show the best record were only chinning (modified) and continuous belly grinds.
When children were classified into five groups according to their Rohrer Index, it was found that the group of the largest Rohrer Index had the strongest muscle strength, but the group of the largest Rohrer Index and the group of the smallest Rohrer Index were generally inferior to the group of average or middle Rohrer Index in the other facets of physical fitness and motor ability. This trend was found in both of boys and girls of every age group, although the detail of the relationships between Rohrer Index and Physical fitness or motor ability were a little different by age and sex.

Among the data on physical fitness (records of side step test, vertical jump, back strength, grip strength, trunk extention, trunk flexion and modified Harvard Step Test) and motor ability (record of 50m dash, running broad jump, ball throw, chinning and endurance running) of school children in Kyoto City, those for children of 10, years old were analysed to reveal the interrelations among body build, physical fitness and motor ability. 1) The correlation matrix among variables concerning body build, physical fitness and motor ability, 2) the multiple regression equation of each variable concerning physical fitness and motor ability on variables concerning body build, 3) the multiple regression equation of each variable concerning motor ability on variables concerning body build and physical fitness, 4) the canonical correlations between body build and physical fitness, between body build and motor ability and between physical fitness and motor ability were calculated. The results were as follows.
1) Any of correlations and multiple correlations calculated among variables concerning body build, physical fitness and motor ability was not very large, even though most of them were statistically significant at 1% level. Besides, it was found on boys and girls of every age that there were more than two significant canonical correlations between body build and physical fitness, between body build and motor ability and between physical fitness and motor ability, but even the maximum canonical correlation was not necessarily large.
The above findings indicate that the ability which is summarized as physical fitness or motor ability consists of various abilities which are relatively independent each other, and accordingly none of the relations between body build and physical fitness, between body build and motor ability and between physical fitness and motor ability is not represented by a simple relation between two linear combinations of variables.
2) The multiple regression equations calculated in this study may make it possible to estimate how each aspect of body build is contributing to each aspect of physical fitness and motor ability and how each aspect of body build and physical fitness is contrbuting to each aspect of motor ability. But in these estimations, it must be always kept in mind that the multiple correlation coefficients were not necessarily very large in every case.
3) Relatively large differences by age and sex were found on interrelations among variables concerning body build, physical fitness and motor ability. This fact probably indicates that various aspects of body build, physical fitness and motor ability do not necessarily grow or develope at the same rate.

Aim
  The study aimed to develop an appropriate in vivo rat model of muscle strain to investigate whether electroacupuncture is useful for improving muscle strain.
Methods
  An in vivo muscle strain model was developed with Wistar rats by the eccentric contraction (EC) evoked by pulling their hind limb with a stainless-steel wire that was connected to a weight; the EC was given under anesthesia during tetanic contraction in their gastrocnemius evoking by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Development of muscle strain was evaluated by comparing the muscle tension induced by the twitch of the gastrocnemius, pain thresholds measured using the Randall-Selitto test, and the serum creatine kinase (CK) activity between the following three experimental groups : EC×1 group, EC was temporarily evoked to their hind limb only once (n=10); EC×5 group, EC was temporarily evoked to their hind limb five times consecutively (n=6); and control group, EC was not evoked to their hind limb (n=6). After confirming the absence of a significant difference in the parameters between the two EC conditions, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) was evaluated using the model of one-time EC (EA group n=10). At 12 hours after EC, EA was carried out at a frequency of 50 Hz and an intensity of 0.5 mA for 15 min; this stimulation was given for six consecutive days.
Results
  Muscle tension, pain thresholds, and the CK activity showed no remarkable changes in the control group during the experimental period. A significant decrease in the muscle tension was observed after EC in the EC×1 and EC×5 groups, and the decrease sustained until 48 and 24 hours after EC, respectively. Pain thresholds in the EC×1 and EC×5 groups were significantly lower than those in the control group at each of the time periods studied after EC, and were sustained at least until 120 hours after EC. The CK activity increased in the EC×1 and the EC×5 groups at 30 minutes after EC. Recovery in muscle tension after EC was faster in the EA group than in the EC×1 group. Pain thresholds also showed faster recovery in the EA group than in the EC×1 group, indicating statistically significant differences at 72, 96, and 120 hours after EC.
Discussion
  The in vivo rat model, which was developed in the present study, was considered to be an appropriate model of muscle strain because it clearly showed a decrease in the muscle tension and pain thresholds, and an elevation in the CK activity. EA was considered to be capable of accelerating the recovery of muscle strain as it was found to improve muscle tension and pain thresholds in the model.

Objective:It is very important that oxidative stress is estimated for us to understand a player's condition in the field of sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electroacupuncture has an effect on exercise-induced oxidative stress.
Methods:Ten healthy male volunteers participated in both the electroacupuncture (EA) group and the control group in a crossover design. EA at a frequency of 2 Hz and optimum intensity was performed in the subjects for 10 minutes in both the medial vastus muscles. During ergometer exercise by ramp load, respiratory metabolism including the RC point was recorded as the indication of energy metabolism. Blood was collected from the fingertips of the subjects, and then their levels of oxidative stress (d-ROMs test) and antioxidative (BAP test) were determined by using a Free Radical Analytical System (FRAS4, Wismell Instruments). Six measurements were taken;at rest, immediately after EA and following exercise, and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes following exercise.
Results:The RC point was significantly prolonged in the EA group compared with the control group. The level of oxidative stress (d-ROMs test) in the control group increased significantly at 20 minutes following exercise compared with rest (before exercise) and this increase was sustained until 60 minutes after exercise. In contrast, it did not significantly change in the EA group. Whereas the antioxidative level (BAP test) in the EA group significantly increased immediately following exercise compared with rest (before exercise), it did not increase in the control group.
Conclusion:These results suggest that electroacupuncture might enhance the antioxidative level (BAP test) and inhibit the level of oxidative stress (d-ROMs test) by effecting a change in respiratory metabolism. We propose that electroacupuncture might be useful for sports conditioning.

Objective: We have used therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) analysis software to set the initial dose of vancomycin in our hospital.  In contrast, the TDM guideline, in which the initial dose of vancomycin per body weight was set, was published in 2012.  We looked forward with utilizing the TDM guideline in the clinical setting, after which we conducted multiple surveys to determine the important points of the TDM guideline.
Methods: We surveyed patients treated with vancomycin, in whom the initial dose was set using the TDM analysis software and the concordance rate between the vancomycin dose set with the software and that set with the TDM guideline.
Results: The concordance rate of vancomycin dose was 42.1%.  The mean age of the high-dose group (vancomycin dose higher than that recommended by the TDM guideline), was younger than that of the recommended-dose group.  Additionally, the mean body weight of the high-dose group was significantly lower than that of the recommended-dose group.  The corrected creatinine clearance of the low-dose group was significantly lower than that of the recommended-dose group.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that when the initial dose is set after referring the TDM guideline in patients who are not very high age, and having low body weight and decreased renal function, the dose may differ from the dose set by using TDM analysis software.  In addition, since the recommended dose per body weight is a range and not a single value, setting the dose appropriate to target trough concentration is necessary.

[Objective]Daily repetitive exercise is known to be necessary for players in sports. In this study, to further explore the potential functions of acupuncture, we studied whether electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation has efficacy for repetitive exercise-induced oxidative stress.
[Methods]Six healthy male volunteers participated in both the non-treatment control group and the EA group in a crossover design. EA stimulation was applied to both the medial vastus muscles at 2 Hz and optimum intensity for each subject during ten min just before each exercise period. The subject performed ergometer exercise for 20 min with 75%of maximal oxygen uptake each day. This exercise period was performed once a day for three consecutive days. Blood lactate level (BLL) and plasma lipid peroxide (LP) concentration were measured as the markers for metabolism and oxidative stress, respectively. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the individual level of fatigue due to exercise.
[Results]During and just after the exercise period, each value of BLL in the EA group was lower than the same points in the control group. Whereas LP concentrations before the exercise period on the first day in the control group was higher than the values in the same points on the second and third days. LP concentrations before the exercise period in the EA group were almost the same levels for three days. Furthermore, after the exercise period for the three consecutive days, LP concentrations and VAS in the EA group were lower than each value of the same points in the control group, and especially, the alteration of VAS showed a significant difference.
[Conclusion]The increased tendency of LP concentrations before the exercise period for three days in the control group indicated that repetitive exercise induced the accumulation of excess lipid peroxide. It might be suggested that EA stimulation suppressed subjective fatigue by an enhanced energy metabolic rate and decreased production of lipid peroxide. Hence the evidence strongly supported that EA stimulation might be useful for sports conditioning.

Personal lifestyles constitute one of the strategic frontiers of preventive medicine. We carried out a survey of eating habits of people in three rural communities in the southern part of Akita Prefecture, where fundamental health screening programs have been implemented regularly. Differences in eating habits between men and women and between age groups were found. The health status of the examinees was judged by using data on blood pressure, obesity and lipid levels measured at the latest health checkup.
To find a correlation between eating habits and physical health status, the frequency of illness was examined according to the number of times of eating various kinds of food. It was found that with age, people take in fish and shellfish, cow's milk, beans, vegetables, Japanese confections and soup more frequently and eat less meat. The incidence of hypertension varied by age and sex, but was higher in those who eat less soup, pickles and milk. Likewise, abnormally high levels of total serum cholesterol were found in women who eat meat, eggs and greasy food less than twice a week. It was thought that those hypertensives and those with high cholesterol values are cuttingdown on their intake of those foods of their own accord. Therefore, we would like to point out that, in the secondary prevention setting, physicians and other health care providers should know in advance whether their patients are putting themselves on a restricted diet or not.
When the average serum lipid values were examined according to the number of times of eating meat or fish and shellfish per day, it was found that men aged 70 years or above who eat those foods more than once every day have high HDL cholesterol values and that these values significantly vary depending on the kind of meat. These findings suggested that persons of advanced age who eat well and who are not particular about their food are full of vitality. This could serve as an important point in the care of the aged with serum lipid abnormalities.
A study of evacuation and its relation to vegetable intake showed that the less the frequency of bowel movements, the smaller the amount of vegetable intake. There was a significant difference in the frequency of evacuation between vegetable eaters and those who do not consume an adequate amount of fiber.

PREAVOID is pharmaceutical intervention that is utilized to illustrate pharmacists’ contributions to medical care.  Currently, there is a great need for pharmacists to provide good medical services to inpatients; as a result, many pharmacists conduct pharmaceutical management in hospital wards.  However, pharmacists who have limited experience in working in the ward do not know exactly what they should check with respect to pharmaceutical management.  To resolve this problem, we determined 16 pharmaceutical-management items based on PREAVOID that was conducted at Nagara Medical Center.  Moreover, we conducted a pre-questionnaire survey assessing whether pharmacists who had worked in the ward for fewer than 4 years attended to these 16 check items in their daily work prior to our introducing the list to them.  The results indicated that pharmacists who had fewer than 2 years of experience working in wards attended to the 16 check items less than those who had more than 2 years of experience, and approximately half of the pharmacists had not received adequate guidance before beginning work at the ward.  In addition, most pharmacists indicated that clear check points were useful for conducting pharmaceutical management and the 16 check items were useful for their daily work.  These results indicate that the 16 check items are a useful educational tool for enabling pharmacists to conduct high quality pharmaceutical management from the initial stage and that using the 16 check items is superior to pharmacists only gaining this ability via prolonged experience working in the ward.

From April 1987 to March 1990, we performed open heart surgery using extracorporeal circulation in 90 patients (average age, 51.8 years old) and vascular surgery (graft replacement of abdominal aortic aneurysm and surgery for ASO) in 29 patients (average age, 58.1 years old). Among there, 8 patients with open heart surgery (EEC group) and 9 patients with vascular surgery (vascular group) had suffered from renal insufficiency preoperatively. In the two groups, we compared operative mortality, complications and postoperative severity of renal failure. Preoperative renal insufficiency was defined as a serum creatinine level of more than 1.4mg/dl and postoperative renal failure was defined as 2.0mg/dl. There was no significant difference in operative mortality, in postoperative creatinine, Ccr, BUN and serum potassium and in effectiveness of hemodialysis in the two groups. In conclusion, it seems that we should not hesitate to perform cardiovascular surgery with extracorporeal circulation for patients with renal insufficiency or in hemodialized patients.